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Mine too!He'd have my vote over most current politicians..
The new Jerusalam is 1500 by 1500 by 1500 miles. That is all of the land given to Abraham and all of the Arab continental plate. Does God gave a different covenant with the descendants of Hagar compared to Sarah?So where does it say the Holy Land is in Palestine.
Hello Jacqueline, yes, the Bible certainly has a lot to say directly about lying, both in the OT and in the New .. e.g. Leviticus 19:11, Psalm 120:2, Proverbs 12:22, Ephesians 4:25, Colossians 3:9, Revelation 21:8.I think God hates lying too. Isn't it in Psalms or Proverbs somewhere? Doesn't it say in Revelation that all liars will not inherit the kingdom of God? It says such people will be condemned to the Lake of Fire.
Here is the academic article.There is also this recent information indicating predynastic Egyptians used copper drill bits and bow drills, not CNC lathes as idiotically asserted in this thread.
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A 5,300-year-old ‘bow drill’ rewrites the story of ancient Egyptian tools
A recent study has recontextualised a small copper-alloy artefact from Predynastic Egypt, identifying it as the earliest securely attested rotary metal drill in the Nile Valley. - HeritageDaily - Archaeology Newswww.heritagedaily.com
Using the description you provided — especially the phrase “highly unusual CuAsNi material with the addition of silver and lead” — we can make a reasoned metallurgical hypothesis about likely composition ranges and revise the hardness estimates accordingly.
Since it is described as CuAsNi rather than simple arsenical copper, that suggests:
That would place it well above simple arsenical copper and approaching low–medium tin bronze strength, especially if cold-worked.
- Arsenic content likely ≥2–5 wt %
- Nickel likely ~1–3 wt %
- Silver and lead probably <1–2 wt % each (minor additions)
Below is the chronological table with hypothesized composition and updated hardness estimates.
Egyptian Tool Materials — Chronological Metallurgical Comparison
*HV values are approximate experimental ranges based on comparable ancient alloys and degree of cold work.
Period Approx. Date Hypothesized Composition Estimated Vickers Hardness (HV)* Relative Performance Metallurgical Notes Predynastic (Naqada IID, Badari drill) c. 3300–3000 BC Cu + 2–5% As + 1–3% Ni + trace Ag, Pb 100–160 HV (up to ~170 HV cold-worked) High for Copper Age Combined solid-solution strengthening from As + Ni. Could rival low-tin bronze if heavily work-hardened. Technologically sophisticated alloy. 3rd Dynasty (Old Kingdom) c. 2700 BC Mostly Cu, sometimes <2% As 50–90 HV (up to ~100 HV work-hardened) Low Primarily work-hardened copper. Limited alloy strengthening. New Kingdom (Bronze Age peak) c. 1550–1070 BC Cu + 5–12% Sn 120–200 HV (occasionally 220 HV) Very High True bronze phase strengthening. Better edge retention and wear resistance. Late Period (Iron Age Egypt) c. 664–332 BC Wrought iron (0.02–0.1% C), occasional early steel (0.3–0.6% C) 120–200 HV (wrought iron) 250–400+ HV (quenched steel) Highest overall Carburization and quenching produce martensitic structures exceeding bronze hardness.
Key Metallurgical Implication
With this revised hypothesis:
- The Predynastic Cu–As–Ni drill may have been nearly as hard as moderate tin bronze, especially if work-hardened.
- It would have been substantially harder than Old Kingdom copper tools.
- It likely falls in the lower-to-mid bronze hardness range, which is remarkable for ~3300 BC.
Revised Hardness Ranking (Softest → Hardest)
Old Kingdom copper
→ Predynastic Cu–As–Ni alloy
→ New Kingdom bronze
→ Wrought iron
→ Early steel
Important Insight
If the arsenic content were closer to 4–5% and the nickel near 2–3%, this drill could represent one of the hardest known Egyptian copper-alloy tools of the 4th millennium BC, potentially explaining its suitability for bead drilling and woodworking.
If you'd like, I can now:
- Convert this into MPa tensile strength estimates,
- Compare it directly to granite/quartz drilling requirements, or
- Model the expected wear rate relative to bronze tools.
That doesn’t surprise me, sadly.Hospitals in the heavily Moslem populated areas of Sydney see a huge influx of patients during Ramadan due to the habit of some to stuff themselves stupid after sunset and the same just before sunrise. Not eating all day when you are active then stuffing your stomach when you are inactive is extremely detrimental to your health and completely unlike Traditional Christian fasting which sees a lot of health benefits. It is easy to see which fasting practice came from God and which one didn't.
Hopefully I haven't completely grown out of them yet.