In addition, a significant issue now arises. How can those who belong to the kingdom of God, a distinctive nation set apart from the world-system with its own authorities, submit to any worldly authorities at all? Is not the world-system comprised of these earthly powers under the rule of the Devil? How then can God, through his apostles, encourage citizens of his government, under his rule, to submit to rulers of the Devil’s jurisdiction?
Historically, human civilization traces back to the first man, Adam. The world-system finds its beginnings in the first man who “hid his face from God” and built the first Sumerian city-state. Cain’s city, as the archetypal humanist civilization, sets the precedent for the subsequent world-system. God made a covenant with Cain that was essentially a provision for the sustenance of civilization among the ungodly. God made a similar covenant of preservation with the godly line of civilization in Noah, that he would sustain the ecosphere and preserve life on earth. Just as God blesses both the righteous and wicked in his creational providence (Matt. 5:45) by having created a universe in which life on earth is sustained, he also provides for the sustenance of social order for fallen humanity.
In the provision for Cain, God does not bless the apostate world-system, for it stands in rebellion to his rightful authority over it. But in making provision for social order through wicked rulers, God implicitly asserts his dominion over the ungodly and their social institutions. Because humanity is created in God’s image, it is impossible for apostate man to actually hide from God. Cain carries God’s image because he was created by God to bear it, though he denies it. Yet he cannot rid himself of it. Consequently, even those in denial of God’s rule must themselves rule within the bounds of the order God has made just as the godly and ungodly alike are subject to the same physical laws of God’s rule of the creation. They must, to some extent, reflect in their own rule the law of God, for the law was made to apply to human nature. To rule over a social order, humanly-contrived law must apply to the social conditions of human nature. This is, to varying degrees, what has come to be called natural law. It is God’s law as received through natural revelation, through observation of the nature of humanity and those constraints within which humanity exists.
Consequently, it is “natural” for Cain to maintain his rule through vengeance, in response to threats to it. Through his law, God is the only legitimate avenger of evil because only he is just in executing it. However, Cain exercises vengeance, not on the basis of God’s revealed law, but in order to perpetuate his own authority, an authority illegitimately usurped from God. In view of this modus operandi, which lies at the base of how the world-system of social governance works (whether by governments of nation-states, within corporate hierarchies, or in the departments of universities), any actions Cain takes to preserve himself are legitimate to him, for to Cain, Cain is god. Therefore, it is not uncommon for Cain to use wicked methods toward this end, such as Machiavelli articulated in The Prince. Anything from brutal suppression of dissidents to double-crossing is permissible to Cain. A Saddam Hussein supported in one war is tricked into becoming an oppressor and object of vengeance in the next.
The American Church and State
What is problematic for the American church today is that commonly held though erroneous beliefs about human authority have developed over time. Two of these common misconceptions are
Christians are to (indiscriminately) submit to any person or group claiming authority. Both Paul and Peter clearly delineate what constitutes the exercise of authority established by God. Both Paul and Peter were executed because their message was regarded as threatening to the illegitimate exercise of human authority. Jesus was crucified because his kingdom and authority were viewed as a threat to both the powers of Rome and the Jewish rulers, though his kingdom is being established on different grounds and methods than those characterizing states of the present age.
American Christians have been indoctrinated by institutions of (or behind) the State from their youth to believe in democracy as the highest form of good government instead of biblical government as given by God. In representative governments, the vote of the majority of individuals is the ultimate determinant of right and wrong, not the law of God; humans are empowered to make up their own laws in clear defiance of the givenness of God’s law.
One complication for Americans is that according to the US Constitution, ultimate authority rests with the people, not government officials. Those who hold allegiance to the US Constitution face the inconsistency of recognizing government as having an authority that the Constitution (9th and 10th Amendments) guarantees to the people instead. Therefore, any attribution of final authority to US government in order to “submit to the governing authorities” would contradict the very basis of that government. What has grown around these beliefs has been erroneously supported by biblical texts on taxes (Romans) and slave-masters (1 Peter).