BobRyan wants an answer for some verses in James chapter two. But
BobRyan didn't quote the last verse in the paragraph containing the verses in which he is interested and about which he wants me to comment. So I think I'll comment after quoting the whole paragraph. Here it is.
For whoever keeps the whole law, but falls short in one particular, has become guilty in respect to all of it. For he who said, You shall not commit adultery, also said, You shall not kill. Even if you do not commit adultery but kill, you have become a transgressor of the law. So speak and so act as people who will be judged by the law of freedom. For the judgment is merciless to one who has not shown mercy; mercy triumphs over judgment.
(James 2:10-13)
The ten commandments say nothing about mercy. If one wants to be judged by the ten commandments then expect that the judgment will be merciless.
For whoever keeps the whole law,
but falls short in one, has become guilty in respect to all of it.
The noun, as the italics show, is not in the Greek, but the English is a satisfactory rendering. Guided by what follows we might perhaps say in one commandment.
For whoever keeps the whole law, but falls short in one,
has become guilty in respect to all of it.
Better, he has become guilty, i. e. liable to condemnation under an indictment which includes all the particular commandments included in the great Law. This seems at first of the nature of an ethical paradox, but practically it states a deep moral truth. If we wilfully transgress one commandment we show that in principle we sit loose to all. It is but accident, or fear, or the absence of temptation, that prevents our transgressing them also. Actual transgression in one case involves potential transgression in all. A saying of Rabbi Jochanan is recorded in the Talmud (Sabbath, fol. 70) identical with this in its terms, and including in its range what were classed as the 39 precepts of Moses. St James was urging upon devout Jews, whether they believed in Christ or no, the highest ethical teaching of their own schools. It is probable enough, that the Pharisees who misrepresented the teaching of St James in the Church of Antioch, laid stress on these words as including circumcision and the ceremonial Law, as well as the precepts which were moral and eternal (Act 15:1; Act 15:5; Act 15:24). See Introduction, ch. 3
For he who said, You shall not commit adultery, also said, You shall not kill. Even if you do not commit adultery but kill, you have become a transgressor of the law.
The two commandments are chosen as standing first in the Second Table, the fifth being classed by most Jewish writers as belonging to the First, just as in Greek and Roman ethics, duty to parents came under the head of Εὐσεβεία and Pietas, rather than under that of Justice (comp. 1Ti 5:4). This division is recognised by Josephus (Ant. iii. 6. § 6) and Philo (De Decal. i.), and falls in better than the common one with the pentad and duad grouping that pervades the Law. It is singular that in all New Testament quotations from the Second Table Thou shalt not commit adultery precedes Thou shalt not kill, Mar 10:19; Luk 18:20; Rom 13:9; and the order is made the subject of direct comment by Philo (De Decal. xii. 24). It may be inferred from this that there was, probably, a traditional order varying from that at present found in the Hebrew Pentateuch.
So speak and so act as people who will be judged by the law of freedom.
The thoughts of the teacher dwell, as before (chap. Jas 1:26) and afterwards (chap. Jas 3:1-12), on sins of speech as no less tests of character than sins of act. In so doing he was echoing the words of a yet greater Teacher (Mat 12:37).
So speak and so act as people who will be judged by
the law of freedom.
See note on ch. Jas 1:25. The recurrence of the phrase indicates a certain fondness for the thought which it expresses. As a phrase it is peculiar to St James, but the idea is found in Joh 8:32. Verbally it presents something like a contrast to St Pauls language as to the law which gendereth unto bondage (Gal 4:24), but the difference is on the surface only, St James speaking of the moral law when the will accepts it as the guide of life, St Paul of its work as reproving and condemning when the fleshly will resists it, and pre-eminently of its merely ritual and ceremonial precepts, the days and months and years of Gal 4:10.
For the judgment is merciless to one who has not shown mercy; mercy triumphs over judgment.
For the judgment is merciless There is something more emphatic in the actual structure of the sentence. For the judgment shall be merciless to him that wrought not mercy. The axiom presents one aspect of the great law of divine retribution, and, like so much of St Jamess teaching, is an obvious reproduction of that of the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 7:1). The reference to that discourse suggests the thought that the law of liberty of which St James speaks is not the law given by Moses, but the new Law, full of grace and truth, which was given by Christ. See note on Jas 2:8. On this assumption the supposed contrast with St Paul dwindles into nothing.
mercy triumphs over judgment. The verb is found in Rom 11:18. The abruptness of the original, where the maxim stands with no connecting particle, is singularly forcible, mercy glories over judgment. The law holds good universally. It is true of mans judgment, but also of Gods, that mercy triumphs over severity, when it finds a willing object. The truth has seldom found a nobler utterance than in the familiar words which remind us that
Earthly power doth then shew likest Gods,
When mercy seasons justice.
Shakespeare. Merchant of Venice, iv. 1.
Comments taken from "
The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges"