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The Godhead is in reference to the Trinity or triune nature of God. Father, Son and Spirit.
I think it is fair to say in Christian circles the word has that connotation. However, the word is a holdover from middle English that originally meant Godhood. The question to be examined is if the Greek word that is translated as Goodhead in the KJV has these Trinitarian connotations.
And here is where we hit a bit of a snag with the usage you posted. The KJV translators did not make any attempt to translate a given Greek word with only one English word. In other words, they may render the same Greek word by three different English words in different contexts if it suited them. And in the same way they might use the same English word to translate multiple Greek words. This is outlined and defended in the "Translators to the Reader", and if you like I can post the text of this discussion.
Now the reason that comes into play here is that the texts you quote which use the word "Godhead" in the KJV are not all actually containing the same Greek word used in Acts 17. And there are other texts that do use the same Greek word, but the KJV translators did not render them as "Godhead"
You can verify this if you like either by looking up the Greek or just by using a text keyed to Strongs.
Here is the word:
Strongs
G2304
θεῖος
theios
thi'-os
From G2316; godlike (neuter as noun, divinity): - divine, godhead.
Total KJV occurrences: 3
And here are the three occurrences of this word in the KJV.
Act 17:29 Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's device.
2Pe 1:3 According as his divine power hath given unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue:
2Pe 1:4 Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust.
Notice in the other two instances the emphasis is not on the Trinity. It is simply rendered "divine" by the KJV.
In the same way the text in Acts is speaking to the Greeks about the nature of the divine. They saw the divine in hosts of beings, and made idols to it. He says, you shouldn't think the divine is like gold, etc.
In other words, he is starting where they are at with their notions for the divine, and that even they should recognize that the divine is not like physical things. But then he goes on to speak of Christ and God's raising Him from the dead and makes an appeal on the basis of the gospel.
So we see from the other renderings of this word in the KJV that it is not at all beyond bounds to translate it this way in Acts 17.
Now in Col 2:9 where a different word is used the same sense is retained in the NKJV as in the KJV:
9 For in Him dwells all the fullness of the Godhead bodily;
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