Lets have some fun with this one
Translating Revelation 13:8; Revelation 17:8; Matthew 4:8 -- Greek & Latin.
These verses is the most unique out of all the Greek verses covered so far. In these verses there are two Greeks words that will bring out the globular meaning and G3625 οἰκουμένη oikouménē is not used in this verse! So how can there be a globular meaning without oikouménē? This gets real interesting real fast! And here is the fun part of this verse: there's not a single English translation supporting it!
So allow me to make my case here for these three verses and you can decide whether my case is well made or presumptuous. Perhaps my case is set up to prove something simple and yet of great significance to this issue.
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Revelation 13:8,
"And all that dwell upon the earth shall worship him, whose names are not written in the book of life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world" (KJV).
Revelation 17:8,
"The beast that thou sawest was, and is not; and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition: and they that dwell on the earth shall wonder, whose names were not written in the book of life from the foundation of the world, when they behold the beast that was, and is not, and yet is" (KJV).
Both verses use the Greek words G1093 γῆ gē and G2889 κόσμος kósmos.
Both verses here mention the earth and the foundation of the world. The earth is γῆ gē and the "of the world" in the KJV is κόσμος kósmos. Both verse contain "dwell on the earth." So these things you want to make a mental note of because they do matter and the do effect the meaning.
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Greek
Revelation 13:8,
"και προσκυνησουσιν αυτω παντες οι κατοικουντες επι της γης ων ου γεγραπται τα ονοματα εν τη βιβλω της ζωης του αρνιου εσφαγμενου απο καταβολης κοσμου"
Revelation 17:8,
"θηριον ο ειδες ην και ουκ εστιν και μελλει αναβαινειν εκ της αβυσσου και εις απωλειαν υπαγειν και θαυμασονται οι κατοικουντες επι της γης ων ου γεγραπται τα ονοματα επι το βιβλιον της ζωης απο καταβολης κοσμου βλεποντες το θηριον ο τι ην και ουκ εστιν καιπερ εστιν"
The New Strong's Exhaustive Expanded Concordance of the Bible, G1093 γῆ gē,
"γῆ gē, ghay; contracted from a primary word; soil; by extension a region, or the solid part or the whole of the terrene globe (including the occupants in each application):—country, earth(-ly), ground, land, world."
Genesis 1:1 (KJV)
The New Strong's Exhaustive Expanded Concordance of the Bible, G2889 κόσμος kósmos
"κόσμος kósmos, kos'-mos; probably from the base of G2865; orderly arrangement, i.e. decoration; by implication, the world (in a wide or narrow sense, including its inhabitants, literally or figuratively (morally)):—adorning, world."
Genesis 1:1 (KJV)
The word kósmos is where we get the English word cosmos from. So right from the start flat earthers lose their position that the cosmos don't exist. But the broader question is what this has to do with the shape of the earth?
The Thayer's Greek Lexicon provides a list which shows the various applications for the word kósmos as applied in the NT:
"1. an apt and harmonious arrangement or constitution, order, government
2. ornament, decoration, adornment, i.e. the arrangement of the stars, 'the heavenly hosts', as the ornament of the heavens. 1 Pet. 3:3
3. the world, the universe
4. the circle of the earth, the earth
5. the inhabitants of the earth, men, the human family
6. the ungodly multitude; the whole mass of men alienated from God, and therefore hostile to the cause of Christ
7.world affairs, the aggregate of things earthly
A. the whole circle of earthly goods, endowments riches, advantages, pleasures, etc, which although hollow and frail and fleeting, stir desire, seduce from God and are obstacles to the cause of Christ
8. any aggregate or general collection of particulars of any sort
a. the Gentiles as contrasted to the Jews (Rom. 11:12 etc)
b. of believers only, John 1:29; 3:16; 3:17; 6:33; 12:47 1 Cor. 4:9; 2 Cor. 5:19"
Number 4 is the "circle of the earth" and number 7 is "the whole circle of earthly goods" which deals with the global economy and all the riches of the earth.
Both Rev.13:8, 17:8 are about the earth as gē makes the context very clear. Though it is a cosmic battle as well for earth. Both good and evil fight to either destroy souls or save them. Satan and his fallen angels seek to destroy the souls of all humanity and get humanity to destroy the whole of God's creation -- the earth.
"The nations were angry,
but Your wrath has come.
The time has come
for the dead to be judged
and to give the reward
to Your servants the prophets,
to the saints, and to those who fear Your name,
both small and great,
and the time has come to destroy
those who destroy the earth."
~ Rev.11:18
So the battle for the earth and its human inhabitants is a cosmic battle. The word gē is "the earth" in Rev.11:18 which carries Strong's meaning "the whole of the terrene globe (including the occupants in each application)" as also applied to Rev.13:8 and 17:8. But my case here is still not complete.
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Matthew 4:8 & Luke 4:5
"Again, the devil takes him into a very high mount, and shows him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory" (Matt.4:8 - 1876 Julia Smith Bible).
"And the devil, bringing him into a high mountain, shewed him all the kingdoms of the habitable globe in an instant of time" (Luke 4:5 - 1876 Julia Smith Bible).
The only difference in these two verses is that Matthew applied the word G2889 κόσμος kósmos whereas Luke used G3625 οἰκουμένη oikouménē. Both verses tell us the same account. So is this a case of hyperbole? I don't think so...not in this account. Luke 4:5 is a very clear globe earth verse. I think Matt.4:8 is using kósmos in the same manner Luke used oikouménē. For the battle of souls was then and is now a global battle.
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† St.Jerome's Latin Vulgate:
Rev.13:8,
"et adorabunt eum omnes qui inhabitant terram quorum non sunt scripta nomina in libro vitae agni qui occisus est ab origine mundi"
Rev.17:8,
"bestiam quam vidisti fuit et non est et ascensura est de abysso et in interitum ibit et mirabuntur inhabitantes terram quorum non sunt scripta nomina in libro vitae a constitutione mundi videntes bestiam quia erat et non est"
Matt.4:8,
"iterum adsumit eum diabolus in montem excelsum valde et ostendit ei omnia regna mundi et gloriam eorum"
The Latin word "mundi" is being translated from the Greek kósmos. Remember the list of applications for kósmos in the Greek lexicons.
Latin Definition for Mundi
https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/t...4e5c68bcecb3749647174e699cdb0300049eb043.html
So mundi can be applied to mean: sphaera, planeta, globus, terra -- along with the inhabitants of earth and their kingdoms.
And yet, as compelling as my case is so far, its still not
complete. So here is where my closing arguments make my case for a globe earth meaning for kósmos/mundi
Exhibit A,
The famous portrait below is worth $100,000,000 dollars and is of Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘Salvator Mundi’. Notice the clear globe He's holding in His hand which is meant to capture the meaning of John 3:16, as Salvator Mundi means "Savior of the world." So its clear that mundi in Latin has a globular meaning.
Exhibit B,
Andrea Previtali, Salvator Mundi (1519)
The globe Jesus holds in His hand in this picture is also called globus cruciger (Latin for "cross-bearing orb").
This Christian tradition of the globus cruciger first began in the 5th century A.D. Flat earthers claim Christians never taught globe earth during this time which is not true.
Exhibit C,
Below are the two pictures of Archangel Mikhail holding the Globus cruciger: the left is from an icon made circa 8th century.
There are numerous portraits of the Globus cruciger and some of these Globus cruciger portraits contain Salvator Mundi with Christ holding the globular earth in His hand.
I think the shape of the earth as read in the Bible was so well understood by ancient Christians that even the word "world" meant globe. While the Old Testament is the first document containing the globular shape of the earth, by the 1st century A.D. the shape of the earth was so well established in Jewish, Greek, and Roman cultures that just saying the word "world" came with a knee-jerk reactionary meaning of globe. Flat earthers analyze strictly from a 21st century liberal perspective and discard all ancient history that disagrees with their very misguided assumptions.
So when Rev.13:8 or 17:8 mention the world (as in the whole world) it always means globe/sphere/orb. It never refers to the flat earth because there is no flat earth doctrine in the Bible and no flat earth tradition.
Exhibit D and final argument:
And my last piece of evidence comes from an atheist website which speaks indirectly about the map I posted, as monde is French for mundi. In French, monde is defined as an orb! I normally do not refer to atheist websites unless I seek to embarrass them. When it comes to wikipedia and all their flat earth claims on the Bible, I like to point out that they proved Rev.13:8; 17:8, and Matt.4:8 teach that the earth is an orb/globe.
Don't forget to click on the Globus cruciger link under "See also."
Monde - Wikipedia
Here is another wiki link that makes my case
Salvator Mundi - Wikipedia