we interpret the creeds through our own lens so are happy with those outcomes. Sometimes it feels like saying I'd believe in Jesus if it wasn't for those Christians.
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Universalism Was Condemned and Defeated In 553 A.D. At The The Fifth Ecumenical Council
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YMMV = Your Mileage May Vary.
Matthew 16:18 - Hades here is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "sheol," better translated as "the grave."
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Hades is in reference to the place in Sheol where the wicked reside. Jesus is saying that evil will not prevail over His church.
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Lazarus Short
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Where in the Bible does it say that Hades/Sheol has compartments?
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Why is Origen considered a significant church father despite his extremely heretical opinion on this matter?
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Hades is most commonly understood as the place in Sheol where the wicked are sent to suffer in darkness and torment. The righteous also go to Sheol in paradise. So the common understanding is that these are two separate places within Sheol.
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Because of his other works obviously?
You have to keep in mind the time and age which he lived in. It's all to easy to fall in timearrogance for us in the 21st century. Besides if you had read through this thread you'd see that its unlikely he ever wrote this stuff himself.
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It is biblical it’s just not specifically stated just as the Trinity is biblical yet not specifically stated. Both were arrived by deduction based on scriptural evidence.
That is unless of course you believe there are three different places the wicked go after they die.
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Canons of the seven ecumenical councils: text - IntraText CT
The Holy & Ecumenical 5th Council (2nd one held in Constantinople) was held in the year reign of Emperor Justinian. It was attended by Fathers to the number of 165. The Council anathematized the written works of Diodorus, of Theodore of of Mopsuestia...
It also anathematized what had been written by blissful Theodoret against the 12 'heads' of St. Cyril & the so-called letter of Ibas...It further anathematized even Origen himself & Didymus & Evagrius & their tenets, who affirmed that souls were existent prior to bodies & that upon the death of one body they enter another & that;
there is an end to the punishment suffered in hell & that demons are going to recover the original dignity of angelic grace which they used to have & that souls are going to be resurrected naked without a body & that the heavenly bodies have souls & still other cacodoxical notions...
CHURCH FATHERS: Second Council of Constantinople (A.D. 553)
Second Council of Constantinople Session 1 [The Emperor's Letter read to the Fathers.]
In the Name of our Lord God Jesus Christ. The Emperor Flavius Justinian, German, Gothic, etc. & always Augustus, to the most blessed bishops & patriarchs, Eutychius of Constantinople, Apollinarius of Alexandria, Domninus of Theopolis, Stephen, George & Damian, the most religious bishops taking the place of that man of singular blessedness, Eustochius, the Archbishop & Patriarch of Jerusalem & the other most religious bishops stopping in this royal city from the different provinces.
[The following is the letter condensed, including Hefele's digest. History of the Councils, Vol. IV., p. 298.]
The effort of my predecessors, the orthodox Emperors, ever aimed at THE SETTLING OF CONTROVERSIES which had arisen respecting THE FAITH BY the calling of Synods.
For THIS CAUSE Constantine assembled 318 Fathers at Nice & was himself present at the Council & assisted those who confessed the Son to be consubstantial with the Father. Theodosius, 150 at Constantinople, Theodosius the younger, the Synod of Ephesus, the Emperor Marcian, the bishops at Chalcedon.
As, however, after Marcian's death, controversies respecting the Synod of Chalcedon had broken out in several places, the Emperor Leo wrote to all bishops of all places, in order that everyone might declare his opinion in writing with regard to this holy Council.
Soon afterwards, however, had arisen again the adherents of Nestorius & Eutyches & caused great divisions, so that many Churches had broken off communion with one another.
When, now, the grace of God raised us to the throne, we regarded it as our chief business to UNITE the Churches again AND to bring the Synod of Chalcedon, together with the three earlier, to UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE. We have won many who previously opposed that Synod; others, who persevered in their opposition, we banished & so restored the unity of the Church again.
But the Nestorians want to impose their heresy upon the Church & as they could not use Nestorius for that purpose, they made haste to introduce their errors through Theodore of Mopsuestia, the teacher of Nestorius, who taught still more grievous blasphemies than his.
He maintained, e.g., that God the Word was one & Christ another. For the same purpose they made use of those impious writings of Theodoret which were directed against the first Synod of Ephesus, against Cyril & his Twelve Chapters & also the shameful letter which Ibas is said to have written...
We, therefore, following the holy Fathers, have first asked you in writing to give your judgment on the three impious chapters named & you have answered & have joyfully confessed the TRUE FAITH.
Because, however, after the condemnation proceeding from you, there are still some who defend the THREE CHAPTERS, therefore we have summoned you to the capital, that you may here, in common assembly, place again your view in the light of day.
When, for example, Vigilius, Pope of Old Rome, came hither, he, in answer to our questions, repeatedly anathematised in writing the Three Chapters & confirmed his steadfastness in this view by much, even by the condemnation of his deacons, Rusticus & Sebastian. We possess still his declarations in his own hand...
We further declare that we hold fast to the decrees of the four Councils & in every way follow the holy Fathers, Athanasius, Hilary, Basil, Gregory the Theologian, Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose, Theophilus, John (Chrysostom) of Constantinople, Cyril, Augustine, Proclus, Leo & their writings on the TRUE FAITH.
As, however, the heretics are resolved to defend Theodore of Mopsuestia & Nestorius with their impieties & maintain that that letter of Ibas was received by the Synod of Chalcedon.
So do we exhort you to direct your attention to the impious writings of Theodore & especially to his Jewish Creed which was brought forward at Ephesus AND Chalcedon & anathematised BY EACH SYNOD with those who had so held or did so hold & we further exhort you to consider what the holy Fathers have written concerning him & his blasphemies, as well as what our predecessors have promulgated, as also what the Church historians have set forth concerning him.
You will thence see that he & his heresies have since been condemned & that therefore his name has long since been struck from the diptychs of the Church of Mopsuestia.
Consider the absurd assertion that heretics ought not to be anathematized AFTER THEIR DEATHS. And we exhort you further to follow in this matter the doctrine of the holy Fathers, who condemned not only living heretics but also anathematized after their death those who had died in their iniquity, just as those who had been unjustly condemned they restored after their death & wrote their names in the sacred diptychs; which took place in the case of John & of Flavian of pious memory, both of them bishops of Constantinople...
May God keep you, most holy & religious fathers, for many years. Given IV. Nones of May, at Constantinople, in the 27th year of the reign of the imperial lord Justinian, the perpetual Augustus & in the 12th year after the consulate of the most illustrious Basil.
The Holy & Ecumenical 5th Council (2nd one held in Constantinople) was held in the year reign of Emperor Justinian. It was attended by Fathers to the number of 165. The Council anathematized the written works of Diodorus, of Theodore of of Mopsuestia...
It also anathematized what had been written by blissful Theodoret against the 12 'heads' of St. Cyril & the so-called letter of Ibas...It further anathematized even Origen himself & Didymus & Evagrius & their tenets, who affirmed that souls were existent prior to bodies & that upon the death of one body they enter another & that;
there is an end to the punishment suffered in hell & that demons are going to recover the original dignity of angelic grace which they used to have & that souls are going to be resurrected naked without a body & that the heavenly bodies have souls & still other cacodoxical notions...
CHURCH FATHERS: Second Council of Constantinople (A.D. 553)
Second Council of Constantinople Session 1 [The Emperor's Letter read to the Fathers.]
In the Name of our Lord God Jesus Christ. The Emperor Flavius Justinian, German, Gothic, etc. & always Augustus, to the most blessed bishops & patriarchs, Eutychius of Constantinople, Apollinarius of Alexandria, Domninus of Theopolis, Stephen, George & Damian, the most religious bishops taking the place of that man of singular blessedness, Eustochius, the Archbishop & Patriarch of Jerusalem & the other most religious bishops stopping in this royal city from the different provinces.
[The following is the letter condensed, including Hefele's digest. History of the Councils, Vol. IV., p. 298.]
The effort of my predecessors, the orthodox Emperors, ever aimed at THE SETTLING OF CONTROVERSIES which had arisen respecting THE FAITH BY the calling of Synods.
For THIS CAUSE Constantine assembled 318 Fathers at Nice & was himself present at the Council & assisted those who confessed the Son to be consubstantial with the Father. Theodosius, 150 at Constantinople, Theodosius the younger, the Synod of Ephesus, the Emperor Marcian, the bishops at Chalcedon.
As, however, after Marcian's death, controversies respecting the Synod of Chalcedon had broken out in several places, the Emperor Leo wrote to all bishops of all places, in order that everyone might declare his opinion in writing with regard to this holy Council.
Soon afterwards, however, had arisen again the adherents of Nestorius & Eutyches & caused great divisions, so that many Churches had broken off communion with one another.
When, now, the grace of God raised us to the throne, we regarded it as our chief business to UNITE the Churches again AND to bring the Synod of Chalcedon, together with the three earlier, to UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE. We have won many who previously opposed that Synod; others, who persevered in their opposition, we banished & so restored the unity of the Church again.
But the Nestorians want to impose their heresy upon the Church & as they could not use Nestorius for that purpose, they made haste to introduce their errors through Theodore of Mopsuestia, the teacher of Nestorius, who taught still more grievous blasphemies than his.
He maintained, e.g., that God the Word was one & Christ another. For the same purpose they made use of those impious writings of Theodoret which were directed against the first Synod of Ephesus, against Cyril & his Twelve Chapters & also the shameful letter which Ibas is said to have written...
We, therefore, following the holy Fathers, have first asked you in writing to give your judgment on the three impious chapters named & you have answered & have joyfully confessed the TRUE FAITH.
Because, however, after the condemnation proceeding from you, there are still some who defend the THREE CHAPTERS, therefore we have summoned you to the capital, that you may here, in common assembly, place again your view in the light of day.
When, for example, Vigilius, Pope of Old Rome, came hither, he, in answer to our questions, repeatedly anathematised in writing the Three Chapters & confirmed his steadfastness in this view by much, even by the condemnation of his deacons, Rusticus & Sebastian. We possess still his declarations in his own hand...
We further declare that we hold fast to the decrees of the four Councils & in every way follow the holy Fathers, Athanasius, Hilary, Basil, Gregory the Theologian, Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose, Theophilus, John (Chrysostom) of Constantinople, Cyril, Augustine, Proclus, Leo & their writings on the TRUE FAITH.
As, however, the heretics are resolved to defend Theodore of Mopsuestia & Nestorius with their impieties & maintain that that letter of Ibas was received by the Synod of Chalcedon.
So do we exhort you to direct your attention to the impious writings of Theodore & especially to his Jewish Creed which was brought forward at Ephesus AND Chalcedon & anathematised BY EACH SYNOD with those who had so held or did so hold & we further exhort you to consider what the holy Fathers have written concerning him & his blasphemies, as well as what our predecessors have promulgated, as also what the Church historians have set forth concerning him.
You will thence see that he & his heresies have since been condemned & that therefore his name has long since been struck from the diptychs of the Church of Mopsuestia.
Consider the absurd assertion that heretics ought not to be anathematized AFTER THEIR DEATHS. And we exhort you further to follow in this matter the doctrine of the holy Fathers, who condemned not only living heretics but also anathematized after their death those who had died in their iniquity, just as those who had been unjustly condemned they restored after their death & wrote their names in the sacred diptychs; which took place in the case of John & of Flavian of pious memory, both of them bishops of Constantinople...
May God keep you, most holy & religious fathers, for many years. Given IV. Nones of May, at Constantinople, in the 27th year of the reign of the imperial lord Justinian, the perpetual Augustus & in the 12th year after the consulate of the most illustrious Basil.
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I was a SB as well, however the Apostles held the first council in Jerusalem and wrote about it for a reason. They spoke about the HS being present at the council and all the Apostles submitted to the decision of said council. Later church Councils followed the same method, asking the HS to preside over the council. Therefore we see them as infallible as the result is the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. It was literally the only method the Apostles gave us of resolving doctrinal disputes.
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From this site : http://orthochristian.com/107440.html
"We do not believe that everything that anyone happened to say at an Ecumenical Council is infallible, but we most certainly do believe that the canons and decrees of the Ecumenical Councils are infallible, and this is because we believe that the Church as a whole, is infallible. Individual members, and even local Churches may err, but it is not possible for the entire Church to teach that which is erroneous—and Ecumenical Councils are certainly an example of what the Church as a whole teaches. "
.
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Enjoy!
Church Councils Throughout History
50 A.D. Jerusalem Council Against Judaizers.
232 A.D. Synod to condemn Origen's work. Origen left for Caesarea, where he taught Gregory Thaumaturgus and Dionysius.
251/252 A.D. African Synod of Carthage under Cyprian
251/252 Synod of Rome (after the Synod of Carthage)
270 A.D. Council of Antioch to condemn Paul of Samosata's writings. Attendees included Gregory Thaumaturgus and Anatolius.
314 A.D. Ancyra. 12 bishops were present.
315 A.D. Council of Neocaesarea. Much of the Nicean Creed was copied from this creed.
324 A.D. Synod of Antioch
Note: 325-680 A.D. has been called the Synodical Period.
May 20th to July 25th 325 A.D. Nicea I - Opposed Arians and created Nicean Creed 250-318 bishops out of 1,800 bishops in the world. Arians kicked out of Orthodox churches
See the appendix at the end of this page for exactly how many bishops came to Nicea
325-381 A.D. Gangra
334/335 A.D. Synod of Tyre against Athanasius, who left in the middle, when he saw he could not get a fair hearing. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Second Series vol.1 p.22-23
~353-369 A.D. Council of Ashtishat
343/344 A.D. Sardica
343-381 A.D. Synod of Laodicea
351 A.D. Synod of Sirmium
357/358 A.D. Synod of Seleucia - Hippolytus present
375 A.D. Synod of Ancyra attempts to arrest Gregory of Nyssa
380 A.D. Council of Saragossa I - against Manichaeans
381 A.D. Constantinople I - called by Emperor Theodosius I - 150 bishops condemned some sects, reaffirmed Nicea I and defined the Holy Spirit as consubstantial and coeternal with the Father and Son. Bishop of Constantinople 2nd in precedence to Rome.
394 A.D. Council of Carthage I
6/397 A.D. Council of Carthage II Augustine and other put in Apocrypha
8/397 A.D. Council of Carthage III
399 A.D. Council of Carthage IV
6/401 A.D. Council of Carthage V
10/401 A.D. Council of Carthage VI
12/415 A.D. Council of Diospolis
415 A.D. Synod of Jerusalem - Pelagius defends himself against charges
The Feast of Annunciation was started by Chrysostom (around 400 A.D.) according to the Ante-Nicene Church Fathers vol.6 p.58 footnote 1.
419 A.D. Carthage XVII 217 bishops adopted canon of the Bible
431 A.D. Ephesus - called by Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and western Emperor Valentinian II to condemn Nestorianism. Nestorians kicked out of Orthodox Churches
(Cyril was involved and there were a lot of politics)
441 A.D. Council of Orange I deposed Cheliderius of Besancon because he married a widow before receiving priestly orders
451 A.D. Chalcedon - 150 bishops - Accepted writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Currhus and Ebas of Edessa. Monophysites kicked out of Orthodox Churches
457 A.D. Council of Milan
501 A.D. Council of Rome
505-506 A.D. Synod of Dvin I
506 A.D. Agde - Caesarius of Arles presided
524 A.D. Arles - Caesarius of Arles presided
527 A.D. Carpentras - Caesarius of Arles presided
529 A.D. Synod/Council of Orange II - Caesarius of Arles presided condemned Faustus for being Semi-Pelagian
529 A.D. Vaison - Caesarius of Arles presided
531 A.D. Orleans I
533 A.D. Auvergne
533 A.D. Marseille - Caesarius of Arles presided
538 A.D. Orleans II
541 A.D. Orleans III
541 A.D. Constantinople - repudiated Council of Ephesus
550 A.D. Synod of Dwin II - rejects Council of Chalcedon
553 A.D. Constantinople II - called by Emperor Justinian I, anathematized Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Currhus and Ebas of Edessa.
554 A.D. Second Council of Tvin (Dvin II)
560 A.D. Synod at Brefi in Britain (David of Wales participated)
569 A.D. Synod at Caerleon in Britain (David of Wales participated)
589 A.D. Toledo - filioque clause put in to Creed
592 A.D. Concilium Quinisextum or second Trullan council (Orthodox Church)
614 A.D. Council of Paris
649 A.D. Lateran Synod - called by Pope Martin I - 105 bishops
662 A.D. Council of Hereford in Britain
664 A.D. Synod of Whitby, Britain Oswy abandons Celtic church for Roman Catholic church
679 A.D. Council of Hatford in Britain
680 A.D. Constantinople III - called by Emperor Constantine IV. condemned monothelitism
680 A.D. was the last general council, because this was the last church council where both the eastern and western bishops were present.
691 A.D. Constantinople IV - called by Emperor Justinian II. legislative code for the church. Western church never accepted this.
692 A.D. Quinisext
742 A.D. Council of Germanicum - banned Easter fires
743 A.D. Council of Lestines - banned Easter fires
747 A.D. Synod of Franconia
754 A.D. Constantinople V - called by Emperor Constantine V. Condemned image worship.
787 A.D. - Nicea II condemned Constantinople V and accepted image worship.
794 A.D. Council of Frankfurt of western bishops. This council rejected the 537 A.D. Council according to The Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.6 p.53
824 A.D. Council of Paris - France and the East tried to agree on the devotion to be paid to images.
853 A.D. Council of Quiercy - condemned double predestination - Hincmar of Reims presided
869-870 Constantinople VI called by Emperor Basil I to confirm deposing Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople.
879 A.D. Constantinople VII - called reinstated Patriarch Photius to repudiate council of 869-870.
990 A.D. Synod of Charroux, France
990 A.D. Synod of Narbonne, France
990 A.D. Synod of Puy, France
991 A.D. Council of Limoges, France
998 A.D. Council of Poitiers, France
1003 A.D. Council of Thoinville, Germany
1007 A.D. Council of Frankfurt, Germany
1023 A.D. Council of Seligenstadt, Germany
1025 A.D. Council of Arras I against Manichaeans
1038 A.D. Council of Bourges, France
1050 A.D. Council of Rome I condemned Berengarius of Tours
1050 A.D. Council of Vercelli - condemned Berengarius of Tours
1051 A.D. Council of Paris - condemned Berengarius of Tours
1059 A.D. Council of Rome II condemned Berengarius of Tours
1076 A.D. Synod of Worms
1079 A.D. Council of Rome III condemned Berengarius of Tours
1080 A.D. Council of Burgos - Imposed Roman rite on Spain instead of Visigothic rite
1096 A.D. Council of Clermount - launch first Crusade
1097 A.D. Council of Arras II
10/1/1098 A.D. Council of Bari - East vs. West
4/24/1099 A.D. Easter Synod
1102 A.D. Council of London
1128 A.D. Council of Arras III
1128 A.D. Council of Troyes - Criticized Bernard of Clairvaux. Officially started the Knights Templars
1140/1 A.D. Sens Bernard condemns Abelard
1148 A.D. Cremona - excommunicated Arnold of Brescia
1163 A.D. Synod of Tours
1179 A.D. Council of Hromcla - Nerses of Lambron almost effected union of Greek and Armenian Churches
1179 A.D. 3rd Lateran Council
1184 A.D. Council of Verona - condemned Waldenses and Humiliati
1197 A.D. Council of Berona - Burn Waldenses to death
1207 A.D. @Pamiens tried to reconcile Waldenses and Catholics
1215 A.D. 4th Lateran Council
1218 A.D. Council of Bergamo 12 Waldenses said no purgatory or prayers for the dead
1229 A.D. (local) Council of Toulouse after the capitulation of the Albigensians, and forbidding the laity to possess Bibles.
1274 A.D. Lyons
1311 A.D. Vienne
1341 A.D. Constantinople VIII Condemned monk Barlaam for opposing Hesychast sect on Mt. Athos.
1414-1417 Constance - under Martin V -Ended Great Schism of anti-Popes. 2 Popes deposed, 1 abdicated, and 1 new Pope elected. Condemned 45 propositions of Wycliffe and 30 of Hus, who was burned at the stake.
1413 Council of Prague
1431-1449 Basil
1438/9 Council of Florence
1532 Council of Cianforn - most Waldenses accept Reformed teaching
~1545 Council of Trent. Catholic church recognizes the gospel and Condemns it.
It met for 19 years in 25 sessions. When it opened there were 15 bishops and 4 others.
1672 Council of Jerusalem. Orthodox church recognizes the gospel and Condemns it. It refutes Cyril Lucar point-by-point.
1829 Council of Baltimore
1833 Council of Baltimore
1837 Council of Baltimore
1840 Council of Baltimore
1843 Council of Baltimore
1846 Council of Baltimore
1849 Council of Baltimore
1869 Vatican I 700 bishops. Some sessions had as few as 100 bishops
The first code of Canon Law was published in 1917.
1962-1968 Vatican II 2,900 bishops and 2 prelates
5/1919 Philadelphia World Conference on Christian Fundamentals
Q: Exactly How Many Bishops came to the 325 A.D. Council of Nicea?
A: Different writers give different numbers for the Council of Nicea (Nicea I) held from May 20, 325 to July 25 325 A.D.
318 Hilary of Poitiers On the Councils ch.86 p.27
318 Epiphanius of Salamis vol.2, p.331-2: book II, Heresy 69, chapter 11
318 Socrates Scholasticus Church History book 4 ch.12 p.102 The Letter of Liberius Bishop of Rome, to the Bishops of the Macedonians
300 Socrates Scholasticus Church History book 1 ch.9 p.14 says Constantine in his letter says 300.
about 300 Athanasius
318 Athanasius in his letter Ad Afros
270 Eustathius of Antioch
>300 Gelasius of Cyzicus
>250 Eusebius
more than 2000 Arabic manuscripts of Eusebius
318 Creeds of Christendom volume 1 : History of the Creeds by Philip Schaff p.25
We can figure out at least 232-237 names according to CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: First Council of Nicaea
Here are various quotes
From http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum01.htm
The figure of 318 given in the heading below is from Hilary of Poitier and is the traditional one. Other numbers are Eusebius 250, Eustathius of Antioch 270., Athanasius about 300, Gelasius of Cyzicus at more than 300.
Note it is actually not "Poitier" but "Poitiers"
From CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: First Council of Nicaea
Eusebius speaks of more than 250 bishops, and later Arabic manuscripts raise the figure to 2000 - an evident exaggeration in which, however, it is impossible to discover the approximate total number of bishops, as well as of the priests, deacons, and acolytes, of whom it is said that a great number were also present. St. Athanasius, a member of the council speaks of 300, and in his letter "Ad Afros" he says explicitly 318. This figure is almost universally adopted, and there seems to be no good reason for rejecting it. Most of the bishops present were Greeks; among the Latins we know only Hosius of Cordova, Cecilian of Carthage, Mark of Calabria, Nicasius of Dijon, Donnus of Stridon in Pannonia, and the two Roman priests, Victor and Vincentius, representing the pope. The assembly numbered among its most famous members St. Alexander of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, Macarius of Jerusalem, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Eusebius of Caesarea, and Nicholas of Myra. Some had suffered during the last persecution; others were poorly enough acquainted with Christian theology. Among the members was a young deacon, Athanasius of Alexandria, for whom this Council was to be the prelude to a life of conflict and of glory (see ST. ATHANASIUS).
...
All the bishops save five declared themselves ready to subscribe to this formula, convince that it contained the ancient faith of the Apostolic Church. The opponents were soon reduced to two, Theonas of Marmarica and Secundus of Ptolemais, who were exiled and anathematized. Arius and his writings were also branded with anathema, his books were cast into the fire, and he was exiled to Illyria. The lists of the signers have reached us in a mutilated condition, disfigured by faults of the copyists. Nevertheless, these lists may be regarded as authentic. Their study is a problem which has been repeatedly dealt with in modern times, in Germany and England, in the critical editions of H. Gelzer, H. Hilgenfeld, and O. Contz on the one hand, and C. H. Turner on the other. The lists thus constructed give respectively 220 and 218 names. With information derived from one source or another, a list of 232 or 237 fathers known to have been present may be constructed.
From First Council of Nicaea - Wikipedia
Constantine had invited all 1800 bishops of the Christian church (about 1000 in the east and 800 in the west).
The number of participating bishops cannot be accurately stated; Socrates Scholasticus and Epiphanius of Salamis counted 318; Eusebius of Caesarea, only 250. The participating bishops were given free travel to and from their episcopal sees to the council, as well as lodging. These bishops did not travel alone; each one had permission to bring with him two presbyters and three deacons, so the total number of attendees would have been above 1500. Eusebius speaks of an almost innumerable host of accompanying priests, deacons, and acolytes.
From Epiphanius of Salamis: Panarion/Adversus Haereses (Excerpts) about Epiphanius Salamis (born 310-320 A.D.) became bishop of Salamis in Cyprus 367 A.D., died on the way home from the Council of the Oak in 402/403 A.D.
This excerpt is taken from Vol.2, p.331-2: Book II, Heresy 69, chapter 11. Note that the translator tells us in the preface that he has chosen to render the word 'heresy' as 'sect'.
11, 1 When this was over the emperor felt concerned for the church, because by now many members often differed with one another and there were many schisms. He therefore convened an ecumenical council of 318 bishops, whose names are still preserved. And they condemned Arius' creed in the city of Nicaea, and confessed the orthodox and unswerving creed of the fathers, which has been handed down to us from the apostles and prophets.
Church Councils Throughout History
50 A.D. Jerusalem Council Against Judaizers.
232 A.D. Synod to condemn Origen's work. Origen left for Caesarea, where he taught Gregory Thaumaturgus and Dionysius.
251/252 A.D. African Synod of Carthage under Cyprian
251/252 Synod of Rome (after the Synod of Carthage)
270 A.D. Council of Antioch to condemn Paul of Samosata's writings. Attendees included Gregory Thaumaturgus and Anatolius.
314 A.D. Ancyra. 12 bishops were present.
315 A.D. Council of Neocaesarea. Much of the Nicean Creed was copied from this creed.
324 A.D. Synod of Antioch
Note: 325-680 A.D. has been called the Synodical Period.
May 20th to July 25th 325 A.D. Nicea I - Opposed Arians and created Nicean Creed 250-318 bishops out of 1,800 bishops in the world. Arians kicked out of Orthodox churches
See the appendix at the end of this page for exactly how many bishops came to Nicea
325-381 A.D. Gangra
334/335 A.D. Synod of Tyre against Athanasius, who left in the middle, when he saw he could not get a fair hearing. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Second Series vol.1 p.22-23
~353-369 A.D. Council of Ashtishat
343/344 A.D. Sardica
343-381 A.D. Synod of Laodicea
351 A.D. Synod of Sirmium
357/358 A.D. Synod of Seleucia - Hippolytus present
375 A.D. Synod of Ancyra attempts to arrest Gregory of Nyssa
380 A.D. Council of Saragossa I - against Manichaeans
381 A.D. Constantinople I - called by Emperor Theodosius I - 150 bishops condemned some sects, reaffirmed Nicea I and defined the Holy Spirit as consubstantial and coeternal with the Father and Son. Bishop of Constantinople 2nd in precedence to Rome.
394 A.D. Council of Carthage I
6/397 A.D. Council of Carthage II Augustine and other put in Apocrypha
8/397 A.D. Council of Carthage III
399 A.D. Council of Carthage IV
6/401 A.D. Council of Carthage V
10/401 A.D. Council of Carthage VI
12/415 A.D. Council of Diospolis
415 A.D. Synod of Jerusalem - Pelagius defends himself against charges
The Feast of Annunciation was started by Chrysostom (around 400 A.D.) according to the Ante-Nicene Church Fathers vol.6 p.58 footnote 1.
419 A.D. Carthage XVII 217 bishops adopted canon of the Bible
431 A.D. Ephesus - called by Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and western Emperor Valentinian II to condemn Nestorianism. Nestorians kicked out of Orthodox Churches
(Cyril was involved and there were a lot of politics)
441 A.D. Council of Orange I deposed Cheliderius of Besancon because he married a widow before receiving priestly orders
451 A.D. Chalcedon - 150 bishops - Accepted writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Currhus and Ebas of Edessa. Monophysites kicked out of Orthodox Churches
457 A.D. Council of Milan
501 A.D. Council of Rome
505-506 A.D. Synod of Dvin I
506 A.D. Agde - Caesarius of Arles presided
524 A.D. Arles - Caesarius of Arles presided
527 A.D. Carpentras - Caesarius of Arles presided
529 A.D. Synod/Council of Orange II - Caesarius of Arles presided condemned Faustus for being Semi-Pelagian
529 A.D. Vaison - Caesarius of Arles presided
531 A.D. Orleans I
533 A.D. Auvergne
533 A.D. Marseille - Caesarius of Arles presided
538 A.D. Orleans II
541 A.D. Orleans III
541 A.D. Constantinople - repudiated Council of Ephesus
550 A.D. Synod of Dwin II - rejects Council of Chalcedon
553 A.D. Constantinople II - called by Emperor Justinian I, anathematized Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Currhus and Ebas of Edessa.
554 A.D. Second Council of Tvin (Dvin II)
560 A.D. Synod at Brefi in Britain (David of Wales participated)
569 A.D. Synod at Caerleon in Britain (David of Wales participated)
589 A.D. Toledo - filioque clause put in to Creed
592 A.D. Concilium Quinisextum or second Trullan council (Orthodox Church)
614 A.D. Council of Paris
649 A.D. Lateran Synod - called by Pope Martin I - 105 bishops
662 A.D. Council of Hereford in Britain
664 A.D. Synod of Whitby, Britain Oswy abandons Celtic church for Roman Catholic church
679 A.D. Council of Hatford in Britain
680 A.D. Constantinople III - called by Emperor Constantine IV. condemned monothelitism
680 A.D. was the last general council, because this was the last church council where both the eastern and western bishops were present.
691 A.D. Constantinople IV - called by Emperor Justinian II. legislative code for the church. Western church never accepted this.
692 A.D. Quinisext
742 A.D. Council of Germanicum - banned Easter fires
743 A.D. Council of Lestines - banned Easter fires
747 A.D. Synod of Franconia
754 A.D. Constantinople V - called by Emperor Constantine V. Condemned image worship.
787 A.D. - Nicea II condemned Constantinople V and accepted image worship.
794 A.D. Council of Frankfurt of western bishops. This council rejected the 537 A.D. Council according to The Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.6 p.53
824 A.D. Council of Paris - France and the East tried to agree on the devotion to be paid to images.
853 A.D. Council of Quiercy - condemned double predestination - Hincmar of Reims presided
869-870 Constantinople VI called by Emperor Basil I to confirm deposing Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople.
879 A.D. Constantinople VII - called reinstated Patriarch Photius to repudiate council of 869-870.
990 A.D. Synod of Charroux, France
990 A.D. Synod of Narbonne, France
990 A.D. Synod of Puy, France
991 A.D. Council of Limoges, France
998 A.D. Council of Poitiers, France
1003 A.D. Council of Thoinville, Germany
1007 A.D. Council of Frankfurt, Germany
1023 A.D. Council of Seligenstadt, Germany
1025 A.D. Council of Arras I against Manichaeans
1038 A.D. Council of Bourges, France
1050 A.D. Council of Rome I condemned Berengarius of Tours
1050 A.D. Council of Vercelli - condemned Berengarius of Tours
1051 A.D. Council of Paris - condemned Berengarius of Tours
1059 A.D. Council of Rome II condemned Berengarius of Tours
1076 A.D. Synod of Worms
1079 A.D. Council of Rome III condemned Berengarius of Tours
1080 A.D. Council of Burgos - Imposed Roman rite on Spain instead of Visigothic rite
1096 A.D. Council of Clermount - launch first Crusade
1097 A.D. Council of Arras II
10/1/1098 A.D. Council of Bari - East vs. West
4/24/1099 A.D. Easter Synod
1102 A.D. Council of London
1128 A.D. Council of Arras III
1128 A.D. Council of Troyes - Criticized Bernard of Clairvaux. Officially started the Knights Templars
1140/1 A.D. Sens Bernard condemns Abelard
1148 A.D. Cremona - excommunicated Arnold of Brescia
1163 A.D. Synod of Tours
1179 A.D. Council of Hromcla - Nerses of Lambron almost effected union of Greek and Armenian Churches
1179 A.D. 3rd Lateran Council
1184 A.D. Council of Verona - condemned Waldenses and Humiliati
1197 A.D. Council of Berona - Burn Waldenses to death
1207 A.D. @Pamiens tried to reconcile Waldenses and Catholics
1215 A.D. 4th Lateran Council
1218 A.D. Council of Bergamo 12 Waldenses said no purgatory or prayers for the dead
1229 A.D. (local) Council of Toulouse after the capitulation of the Albigensians, and forbidding the laity to possess Bibles.
1274 A.D. Lyons
1311 A.D. Vienne
1341 A.D. Constantinople VIII Condemned monk Barlaam for opposing Hesychast sect on Mt. Athos.
1414-1417 Constance - under Martin V -Ended Great Schism of anti-Popes. 2 Popes deposed, 1 abdicated, and 1 new Pope elected. Condemned 45 propositions of Wycliffe and 30 of Hus, who was burned at the stake.
1413 Council of Prague
1431-1449 Basil
1438/9 Council of Florence
1532 Council of Cianforn - most Waldenses accept Reformed teaching
~1545 Council of Trent. Catholic church recognizes the gospel and Condemns it.
It met for 19 years in 25 sessions. When it opened there were 15 bishops and 4 others.
1672 Council of Jerusalem. Orthodox church recognizes the gospel and Condemns it. It refutes Cyril Lucar point-by-point.
1829 Council of Baltimore
1833 Council of Baltimore
1837 Council of Baltimore
1840 Council of Baltimore
1843 Council of Baltimore
1846 Council of Baltimore
1849 Council of Baltimore
1869 Vatican I 700 bishops. Some sessions had as few as 100 bishops
The first code of Canon Law was published in 1917.
1962-1968 Vatican II 2,900 bishops and 2 prelates
5/1919 Philadelphia World Conference on Christian Fundamentals
Q: Exactly How Many Bishops came to the 325 A.D. Council of Nicea?
A: Different writers give different numbers for the Council of Nicea (Nicea I) held from May 20, 325 to July 25 325 A.D.
318 Hilary of Poitiers On the Councils ch.86 p.27
318 Epiphanius of Salamis vol.2, p.331-2: book II, Heresy 69, chapter 11
318 Socrates Scholasticus Church History book 4 ch.12 p.102 The Letter of Liberius Bishop of Rome, to the Bishops of the Macedonians
300 Socrates Scholasticus Church History book 1 ch.9 p.14 says Constantine in his letter says 300.
about 300 Athanasius
318 Athanasius in his letter Ad Afros
270 Eustathius of Antioch
>300 Gelasius of Cyzicus
>250 Eusebius
more than 2000 Arabic manuscripts of Eusebius
318 Creeds of Christendom volume 1 : History of the Creeds by Philip Schaff p.25
We can figure out at least 232-237 names according to CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: First Council of Nicaea
Here are various quotes
From http://www.piar.hu/councils/ecum01.htm
The figure of 318 given in the heading below is from Hilary of Poitier and is the traditional one. Other numbers are Eusebius 250, Eustathius of Antioch 270., Athanasius about 300, Gelasius of Cyzicus at more than 300.
Note it is actually not "Poitier" but "Poitiers"
From CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: First Council of Nicaea
Eusebius speaks of more than 250 bishops, and later Arabic manuscripts raise the figure to 2000 - an evident exaggeration in which, however, it is impossible to discover the approximate total number of bishops, as well as of the priests, deacons, and acolytes, of whom it is said that a great number were also present. St. Athanasius, a member of the council speaks of 300, and in his letter "Ad Afros" he says explicitly 318. This figure is almost universally adopted, and there seems to be no good reason for rejecting it. Most of the bishops present were Greeks; among the Latins we know only Hosius of Cordova, Cecilian of Carthage, Mark of Calabria, Nicasius of Dijon, Donnus of Stridon in Pannonia, and the two Roman priests, Victor and Vincentius, representing the pope. The assembly numbered among its most famous members St. Alexander of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, Macarius of Jerusalem, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Eusebius of Caesarea, and Nicholas of Myra. Some had suffered during the last persecution; others were poorly enough acquainted with Christian theology. Among the members was a young deacon, Athanasius of Alexandria, for whom this Council was to be the prelude to a life of conflict and of glory (see ST. ATHANASIUS).
...
All the bishops save five declared themselves ready to subscribe to this formula, convince that it contained the ancient faith of the Apostolic Church. The opponents were soon reduced to two, Theonas of Marmarica and Secundus of Ptolemais, who were exiled and anathematized. Arius and his writings were also branded with anathema, his books were cast into the fire, and he was exiled to Illyria. The lists of the signers have reached us in a mutilated condition, disfigured by faults of the copyists. Nevertheless, these lists may be regarded as authentic. Their study is a problem which has been repeatedly dealt with in modern times, in Germany and England, in the critical editions of H. Gelzer, H. Hilgenfeld, and O. Contz on the one hand, and C. H. Turner on the other. The lists thus constructed give respectively 220 and 218 names. With information derived from one source or another, a list of 232 or 237 fathers known to have been present may be constructed.
From First Council of Nicaea - Wikipedia
Constantine had invited all 1800 bishops of the Christian church (about 1000 in the east and 800 in the west).
The number of participating bishops cannot be accurately stated; Socrates Scholasticus and Epiphanius of Salamis counted 318; Eusebius of Caesarea, only 250. The participating bishops were given free travel to and from their episcopal sees to the council, as well as lodging. These bishops did not travel alone; each one had permission to bring with him two presbyters and three deacons, so the total number of attendees would have been above 1500. Eusebius speaks of an almost innumerable host of accompanying priests, deacons, and acolytes.
From Epiphanius of Salamis: Panarion/Adversus Haereses (Excerpts) about Epiphanius Salamis (born 310-320 A.D.) became bishop of Salamis in Cyprus 367 A.D., died on the way home from the Council of the Oak in 402/403 A.D.
This excerpt is taken from Vol.2, p.331-2: Book II, Heresy 69, chapter 11. Note that the translator tells us in the preface that he has chosen to render the word 'heresy' as 'sect'.
11, 1 When this was over the emperor felt concerned for the church, because by now many members often differed with one another and there were many schisms. He therefore convened an ecumenical council of 318 bishops, whose names are still preserved. And they condemned Arius' creed in the city of Nicaea, and confessed the orthodox and unswerving creed of the fathers, which has been handed down to us from the apostles and prophets.
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As Stabat Mater brings up, not only for his other works, but he was also heavily influential in the works of other Fathers; his influence can be seen especially in the Cappadocian Fathers, and there's debate whether or not Saint Gregory of Nyssa actually taught universal reconciliation.
I would say it's similar to Tertullian; Tertullian left the Church to join a heretical "Holy Spirit / Prophesying" movement, so he died as a heretic, but it doesn't mean the works that he wrote when he was in communion with the Church are all completely useless and heretical. In much the same way that Origen was influential in the Cappadocian Fathers, Tertullian was influential in Augustine.
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@Jude1:3Contendforthefaith I feel it is a good effort but vainless, if people here does not recognise the Councils, then they won't change their minds about the heresies condemned there.
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Well..... Phewf...... now I can sleep.The Anathemas of the Emperor Justinian Against Origen
______________________________________________________________
• 9
"If Anyone says or thinks that the punishment of demons and of impious men is only temporary, and will one day have an end, and that a restoration will take place of demons and of impious men, Let Him Be Anathema.
Anathema to Origen and to that Adamantius, who set forth these opinions together with his Nefarious and Execrable and Wicked Doctrine and and to whomsoever there is who thinks thus, Or Defends These Opinions, or in any way hereafter at any time shall presume to protect them.
• Second Council of Constantinople (553 A.D.)
CHURCH FATHERS: Second Council of Constantinople (A.D. 553)
Second Council of Constantinople - Wikipedia
It's done, finished, Over etc. The issue has already been resolved. There's nothing left to debate.
.
By the way, I do agree with the whole eternity of hell but... as an aside... No council or group or discussion on theology..at any time in history...... can ever be said to have ended a discussion or debate.
Soon as someone says "it's done" or "its over" or "it's decided" .... I look for fine print.
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