If evolution is true

SkyWriting

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Okay. Let's take a step back to the OP, specifically the last part of the last paragraph of the OP, which says:
" I understand the concept of gradual change over time (micro level of course), and following and adapting to a food supply and even conditions to a point, but progressively changing from a lower animal natural lifestyle in the ‘wilds,’ to a human one outside the wilds… well, help me understand (please, no this is how evolution works) how you think this could possibly happen, regardless of the time involved?"

How does an article about psychedelic mushrooms connect to that question?

They might be responsible for all human evolution.
Humans did eat a lot of mushrooms.
 
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Warden_of_the_Storm

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They might be responsible for all human evolution.
Humans did eat a lot of mushrooms.

You mean you're citing a hypothesis from one person that is not universally or even remotely accepted because of the lack of evidence. Even your own articles note that.
 
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Occams Barber

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No, it's not understandable... your statement without understanding is meaningless.


You appear to, be having real trouble with this. Measuring time with (variable?) time is akin to measuring length using an elastic rubber band.

OB
 
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SkyWriting

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You mean you're citing a hypothesis from one person that is not universally or even remotely accepted because of the lack of evidence. Even your own articles note that.
That's not what I mean. Thanks.
 
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Gene2memE

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They might be responsible for all human evolution.
Humans did eat a lot of mushrooms.

The Stoned Ape hypothesis falls apart under even cursory examination. At least as a single cause explanation for the expansion of 'human' brain size/capacity.

The fulcrum of its fall is the claims from proponents that the size of the human brain suddenly doubled or tripled at some point in the past.

D. McKenna: "We know the brain tripled in size about 2 million years ago."
T. McKenna: "The action of hallucinogens present in many common plants enhanced our information processing activity, or environmental sensitivity, and thus contributed to the sudden expansion of the human brain size."
Paul Stamets: “What is really important for you to understand is that there was a sudden doubling of the human brain 200,000 years ago. From an evolutionary point of view, that’s an extraordinary expansion. And there is no explanation for this sudden increase in the human brain.”

The size of hominid brains did indeed increase. But it was only "sudden" in a geographic sense. Hominid brain capacity grew from about 450-600cc to about 1200-1600cc over the course of 3 to 3.5 million years.

There are some 'leaps', but they're inter-species and generally small (roughly 150-250cc) and they're not as important or substantial as the incremental brain size growth seen within species. For instance, with Paranthropus the average capacity of the brain case grew by roughly 50% over the course of 1 million years. Homo erectus brain capacity also grew, by roughly 75%, over the course of about 800,000 years, ending up at nearly 1100cc.

There are a range of factors that likely contributed to brain development (bipedalism, control of fire, shifting dietary patterns, development of speech, development of tools, development of cooperative tribal groups, expansion into new geographic areas), rather than a silver bullet 'magic mushrooms did it, man' explanation.

They may have contributed, but only as a small part of one section of the whole.
 
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SkyWriting

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The Stoned Ape hypothesis falls apart under even cursory examination. At least as a single cause explanation for the expansion of 'human' brain size/capacity.

The fulcrum of its fall is the claims from proponents that the size of the human brain suddenly doubled or tripled at some point in the past.

D. McKenna: "We know the brain tripled in size about 2 million years ago."
T. McKenna: "The action of hallucinogens present in many common plants enhanced our information processing activity, or environmental sensitivity, and thus contributed to the sudden expansion of the human brain size."
Paul Stamets: “What is really important for you to understand is that there was a sudden doubling of the human brain 200,000 years ago. From an evolutionary point of view, that’s an extraordinary expansion. And there is no explanation for this sudden increase in the human brain.”

The size of hominid brains did indeed increase. But it was only "sudden" in a geographic sense. Hominid brain capacity grew from about 450-600cc to about 1200-1600cc over the course of 3 to 3.5 million years.

There are some 'leaps', but they're inter-species and generally small (roughly 150-250cc) and they're not as important or substantial as the incremental brain size growth seen within species. For instance, with Paranthropus the average capacity of the brain case grew by roughly 50% over the course of 1 million years. Homo erectus brain capacity also grew, by roughly 75%, over the course of about 800,000 years, ending up at nearly 1100cc.

There are a range of factors that likely contributed to brain development (bipedalism, control of fire, shifting dietary patterns, development of speech, development of tools, development of cooperative tribal groups, expansion into new geographic areas), rather than a silver bullet 'magic mushrooms did it, man' explanation.

They may have contributed, but only as a small part of one section of the whole.

I didn't realize anyone was looking for a single cause.
 
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FrumiousBandersnatch

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This idea has been pretty much ignored by mainstream anthropologists and ethnobotanists since McKenna first proposed it because there is no evidence whatsoever for it. Plenty of evidence that psychedelics have been used back to prehistory, but this was just another of McKenna's many mushroom-induced 'revelations'. Check out his book 'True Hallucinations' for a mind-bending description of how he came to this and other realisations (hint - it was copious amounts of psychedelics).
 
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tas8831

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The timing of the inquirer ignoring my posts is impeccable.....


(@inquiring mind) with no science background will dismiss this as 'googling', but perhaps he should try some 'googling' instead of trying to argue using platitudes and fallacies and mere child-like dismissals of that which he cannot comprehend - if you need help with the relevant science terms, don't be ashamed to ask (be ashamed to try to argue against it all with mere dismissals or referrals to tribal deities):

Unified reaction pathways for the prebiotic formation of RNA and DNA nucleobases
Yassin Aweis Jeilani,*a Phoenix N. Williams,a Sofia Waltona and Minh Tho Nguyen*b

Abstract
The reaction pathways for the prebiotic formation of nucleobases are complex and lead to the formation of a mixture of products. In the past 50 years, there has been a concerted effort for identifying a unified mechanism for the abiotic origin of the biomolecules but with little success. In the present theoretical study, we identified two prominent precursors for the building up of RNA and DNA nucleobases under prebiotic conditions: (a) 1,2-diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN), which is a tetramer of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and (b) formamide, a hydrolysis product of HCN; it is important to emphasize that HCN is the source of both precursors. We find that free radical pathways are potentially appropriate to account for the origin of nucleobases from HCN. The current study unites the formamide pathways with the DAMN pathways. The mechanisms for the formation of the RNA and DNA nucleobases (uracil, adenine, purine, cytosine) were studied by quantum chemical computations using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. All the routes involved proceed with relatively low energy barriers (within the error margin of DFT methods). We showed that the radical mechanisms for the formation of nucleobases could be unified through common precursors. The results demonstrated that 4-aminoimidazole-5-carbonitrile (AICN), which is a known precursor for nucleobases, is a product of DAMN. The overall mechanisms are internally consistent with the abiotic formation of the nucleobases, namely (a) under a meteoritic impact scenario on the early Earth's surface that generated high internal energy, and/or (b) in the (gas phase) interstellar regions without the presence of catalysts.

Get




Generation of RNA Molecules by a Base-Catalysed Click-Like Reaction
Dr. Giovanna Costanzo,Prof. Raffaele Saladino,Dr. Giorgia Botta,Dr. Alessandra Giorgi,Dr. Anita Scipioni,Dr. Samanta Pino,Prof. Ernesto Di Mauro,
First published: 30 March 2012

Abstract
Spontaneous polymerization of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP occurs in water, in formamide, in dimethylformamide, and (in water) in the presence of a Brønsted base such as 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene. The reaction is thermodynamically favoured and selectively yields 3′,5′-bonded ribopolymers.






Abstract
The problem of the abiotic origin of RNA from prebiotically plausible compounds remains unsolved. As a potential partial solution, we report the spontaneous polymerization of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP in water, in formamide, in dimethylformamide, and (in water) in the presence of a Brønsted base such as 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene. The reaction is untemplated, does not require enzymatic activities, is thermodynamically favoured and selectively yields 3′,5′-bonded ribopolymers containing as many as 25 nucleotides. We propose a reaction pathway on the basis of 1) the measured stacking of the 3′,5′-cyclic monomers, 2) the activation by Brønsted bases, 3) the determination (by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, by 31P NMR, and by specific ribonucleases) of the molecular species produced. The reaction pathway has several of the attributes of a click-like reaction.


Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets
Inho Nam, Hong Gil Nam, and Richard N. Zare

See all authors and affiliations

PNAS January 2, 2018 115 (1) 36-40; first published December 18, 2017; Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets
Significance
Discovery of an improved prebiotic method for the synthesis of ribonucleosides provides support to theories that posit a central role for RNA in the origin of life. It has been assumed that ribonucleosides arose through an abiotic process in which ribose and nucleobases became conjoined, but the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in bulk solution is thermodynamically uphill. We show a general synthetic path for ribonucleosides, both purine and pyrimidine bases, using an abiotic salvage pathway in a microdroplet environment with divalent magnesium ion (Mg2+) as a catalyst. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides are formed simultaneously under the same conditions, which suggests a possible scenario for the spontaneous production of random ribonucleosides necessary to generate various types of primitive RNA.

Abstract
Aqueous microdroplets (<1.3 µm in diameter on average) containing 15 mM D-ribose, 15 mM phosphoric acid, and 5 mM of a nucleobase (uracil, adenine, cytosine, or hypoxanthine) are electrosprayed from a capillary at +5 kV into a mass spectrometer at room temperature and 1 atm pressure with 3 mM divalent magnesium ion (Mg2+) as a catalyst. Mass spectra show the formation of ribonucleosides that comprise a four-letter alphabet of RNA with a yield of 2.5% of uridine (U), 2.5% of adenosine (A), 0.7% of cytidine (C), and 1.7% of inosine (I) during the flight time of ∼50 µs. In the case of uridine, no catalyst is required. An aqueous solution containing guanine cannot be generated under the same conditions given the extreme insolubility of guanine in water. However, inosine can base pair with cytidine and thus substitute for guanosine. Thus, a full set of ribonucleosides to generate the purine–pyrimidine base pairs A-U and I-C are spontaneously generated in aqueous microdroplets under similar mild conditions.


Synthesis of pyrimidines and triazines in ice: implications for the prebiotic chemistry of nucleobases.

Abstract
Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of RNA bases and functionalized s-triazines from 0.1 M urea solutions in water after subjection to freeze-thaw cycles for three weeks. The icy solution was under a reductive, methane-based atmosphere, which was subjected to spark discharges as an energy source for the first 72 h of the experiment. Analysis of the products indicates the synthesis of the s-triazines cyanuric acid, ammeline, ammelide, and melamine, the pyrimidines cytosine, uracil, and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine, and the purine adenine. An experiment performed as a control at room temperature, with the urea solution in the liquid phase and with the same atmosphere and energy source, led to the synthesis of hydantoins and insoluble tholin, but there was no evidence of the synthesis of pyrimidines or triazines. The synthesis of pyrimidines from urea is possible under a methane/nitrogen atmosphere only at low temperature, in the solid phase. The generation of both pyrimidines and triazines in comparable yields from urea, together with a possible role for triazines as alternative nucleobases, opens new perspectives on the prebiotic chemistry of informational polymers.​


Just a sampling of the 2,850 returns I got when using Google Scholar, searching for 'abiotic generation of nucleobases'. Let's say half of them are irrelevant or redundant. That leaves 1400 research papers on abiotic synthesis of nucleobases. It took me far longer to copy paste the abstracts that it did to do the search - something you could do rather than smugly asserting we have no idea how these things came to be without Yahweh magic - for Whom's very existence there exists no evidence whatsoever (I do not consider hillbillies seeing Jesus' face on burnt toast proof, sorry).

And then there are the spontaneous generation of nucleotides... in space:

Abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides in conditions of space flight of the biosputnik “BION-11”

Abstract
The space satellite's surface can be looked at as a model of the small bodies in the Solar system, such as comets, carbonaceous chondrites and interplanetary dust particles which are rich in complex organic compounds. It is important to test how far the process of chemical evolution could develop on the surface of these bodies. The solid films from mixtures of adenosine, deoxyadenosine, cytidine or thymidine and NaH2PO4 were exposed to open space condition in flight experiment on board of “BION—11” satellite. (The time of flight was 14 days, temperature changed from −30 up to +100°C). The abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides has been observed. The summary yields were: for adenosine—5.8%, for deoxyadenosine—2.3%, for cytidine—4.7% and for thymidine —2.0%. Our experiment indicates that nucleotides could be synthesized in an early stage of the Solar system evolution and safely transported to the Earth by comets, asteroids and dust particles.​


While even the most disingenuous, desperate, dishonest hack of a creationist knows that abiogenesis is irrelevant to evolution, at least we can point to people actually trying to understand things. Whence the evidence or research for 'dust to Adam' God magic? Which creationist organization is sponsoring or engaging in research on the matter?

Slavish devotion to ancient tales and the deity described therein (but nowhere else) is cute, but not a very substantive or fruitful way for adults in the 21st century to live their lives.​
 
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The timing of the inquirer ignoring my posts is impeccable.....

(@inquiring mind) with no science background will dismiss this as 'googling', but perhaps he should try some 'googling' instead of trying to argue using platitudes and fallacies and mere child-like dismissals of that which he cannot comprehend - if you need help with the relevant science terms, don't be ashamed to ask (be ashamed to try to argue against it all with mere dismissals or referrals to tribal deities):

Unified reaction pathways for the prebiotic formation of RNA and DNA nucleobases
Yassin Aweis Jeilani,*a Phoenix N. Williams,a Sofia Waltona and Minh Tho Nguyen*b

Abstract
The reaction pathways for the prebiotic formation of nucleobases are complex and lead to the formation of a mixture of products. In the past 50 years, there has been a concerted effort for identifying a unified mechanism for the abiotic origin of the biomolecules but with little success. In the present theoretical study, we identified two prominent precursors for the building up of RNA and DNA nucleobases under prebiotic conditions: (a) 1,2-diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN), which is a tetramer of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and (b) formamide, a hydrolysis product of HCN; it is important to emphasize that HCN is the source of both precursors. We find that free radical pathways are potentially appropriate to account for the origin of nucleobases from HCN. The current study unites the formamide pathways with the DAMN pathways. The mechanisms for the formation of the RNA and DNA nucleobases (uracil, adenine, purine, cytosine) were studied by quantum chemical computations using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. All the routes involved proceed with relatively low energy barriers (within the error margin of DFT methods). We showed that the radical mechanisms for the formation of nucleobases could be unified through common precursors. The results demonstrated that 4-aminoimidazole-5-carbonitrile (AICN), which is a known precursor for nucleobases, is a product of DAMN. The overall mechanisms are internally consistent with the abiotic formation of the nucleobases, namely (a) under a meteoritic impact scenario on the early Earth's surface that generated high internal energy, and/or (b) in the (gas phase) interstellar regions without the presence of catalysts.

Get




Generation of RNA Molecules by a Base-Catalysed Click-Like Reaction
Dr. Giovanna Costanzo,Prof. Raffaele Saladino,Dr. Giorgia Botta,Dr. Alessandra Giorgi,Dr. Anita Scipioni,Dr. Samanta Pino,Prof. Ernesto Di Mauro,
First published: 30 March 2012

Abstract
Spontaneous polymerization of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP occurs in water, in formamide, in dimethylformamide, and (in water) in the presence of a Brønsted base such as 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene. The reaction is thermodynamically favoured and selectively yields 3′,5′-bonded ribopolymers.






Abstract
The problem of the abiotic origin of RNA from prebiotically plausible compounds remains unsolved. As a potential partial solution, we report the spontaneous polymerization of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP in water, in formamide, in dimethylformamide, and (in water) in the presence of a Brønsted base such as 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene. The reaction is untemplated, does not require enzymatic activities, is thermodynamically favoured and selectively yields 3′,5′-bonded ribopolymers containing as many as 25 nucleotides. We propose a reaction pathway on the basis of 1) the measured stacking of the 3′,5′-cyclic monomers, 2) the activation by Brønsted bases, 3) the determination (by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, by 31P NMR, and by specific ribonucleases) of the molecular species produced. The reaction pathway has several of the attributes of a click-like reaction.


Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets
Inho Nam, Hong Gil Nam, and Richard N. Zare

See all authors and affiliations

PNAS January 2, 2018 115 (1) 36-40; first published December 18, 2017; Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets
Significance
Discovery of an improved prebiotic method for the synthesis of ribonucleosides provides support to theories that posit a central role for RNA in the origin of life. It has been assumed that ribonucleosides arose through an abiotic process in which ribose and nucleobases became conjoined, but the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in bulk solution is thermodynamically uphill. We show a general synthetic path for ribonucleosides, both purine and pyrimidine bases, using an abiotic salvage pathway in a microdroplet environment with divalent magnesium ion (Mg2+) as a catalyst. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides are formed simultaneously under the same conditions, which suggests a possible scenario for the spontaneous production of random ribonucleosides necessary to generate various types of primitive RNA.

Abstract
Aqueous microdroplets (<1.3 µm in diameter on average) containing 15 mM D-ribose, 15 mM phosphoric acid, and 5 mM of a nucleobase (uracil, adenine, cytosine, or hypoxanthine) are electrosprayed from a capillary at +5 kV into a mass spectrometer at room temperature and 1 atm pressure with 3 mM divalent magnesium ion (Mg2+) as a catalyst. Mass spectra show the formation of ribonucleosides that comprise a four-letter alphabet of RNA with a yield of 2.5% of uridine (U), 2.5% of adenosine (A), 0.7% of cytidine (C), and 1.7% of inosine (I) during the flight time of ∼50 µs. In the case of uridine, no catalyst is required. An aqueous solution containing guanine cannot be generated under the same conditions given the extreme insolubility of guanine in water. However, inosine can base pair with cytidine and thus substitute for guanosine. Thus, a full set of ribonucleosides to generate the purine–pyrimidine base pairs A-U and I-C are spontaneously generated in aqueous microdroplets under similar mild conditions.


Synthesis of pyrimidines and triazines in ice: implications for the prebiotic chemistry of nucleobases.

Abstract
Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of RNA bases and functionalized s-triazines from 0.1 M urea solutions in water after subjection to freeze-thaw cycles for three weeks. The icy solution was under a reductive, methane-based atmosphere, which was subjected to spark discharges as an energy source for the first 72 h of the experiment. Analysis of the products indicates the synthesis of the s-triazines cyanuric acid, ammeline, ammelide, and melamine, the pyrimidines cytosine, uracil, and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine, and the purine adenine. An experiment performed as a control at room temperature, with the urea solution in the liquid phase and with the same atmosphere and energy source, led to the synthesis of hydantoins and insoluble tholin, but there was no evidence of the synthesis of pyrimidines or triazines. The synthesis of pyrimidines from urea is possible under a methane/nitrogen atmosphere only at low temperature, in the solid phase. The generation of both pyrimidines and triazines in comparable yields from urea, together with a possible role for triazines as alternative nucleobases, opens new perspectives on the prebiotic chemistry of informational polymers.​
Just a sampling of the 2,850 returns I got when using Google Scholar, searching for 'abiotic generation of nucleobases'. Let's say half of them are irrelevant or redundant. That leaves 1400 research papers on abiotic synthesis of nucleobases. It took me far longer to copy paste the abstracts that it did to do the search - something you could do rather than smugly asserting we have no idea how these things came to be without Yahweh magic - for Whom's very existence there exists no evidence whatsoever (I do not consider hillbillies seeing Jesus' face on burnt toast proof, sorry).

And then there are the spontaneous generation of nucleotides... in space:

Abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides in conditions of space flight of the biosputnik “BION-11”

Abstract
The space satellite's surface can be looked at as a model of the small bodies in the Solar system, such as comets, carbonaceous chondrites and interplanetary dust particles which are rich in complex organic compounds. It is important to test how far the process of chemical evolution could develop on the surface of these bodies. The solid films from mixtures of adenosine, deoxyadenosine, cytidine or thymidine and NaH2PO4 were exposed to open space condition in flight experiment on board of “BION—11” satellite. (The time of flight was 14 days, temperature changed from −30 up to +100°C). The abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides has been observed. The summary yields were: for adenosine—5.8%, for deoxyadenosine—2.3%, for cytidine—4.7% and for thymidine —2.0%. Our experiment indicates that nucleotides could be synthesized in an early stage of the Solar system evolution and safely transported to the Earth by comets, asteroids and dust particles.​
While even the most disingenuous, desperate, dishonest hack of a creationist knows that abiogenesis is irrelevant to evolution, at least we can point to people actually trying to understand things. Whence the evidence or research for 'dust to Adam' God magic? Which creationist organization is sponsoring or engaging in research on the matter?

Slavish devotion to ancient tales and the deity described therein (but nowhere else) is cute, but not a very substantive or fruitful way for adults in the 21st century to live their lives.​
What, you can't contribute to the possibility that psychedelic mushrooms contributed to brain size and the evolution scenario... that makes a lot more sense than a Macadamia nut and man being related (in most cases anyway).
 
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Warden_of_the_Storm

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What, you can't contribute to the possibility that psychedelic mushrooms contributed to brain size and the evolution scenario... that makes a lot more sense than a Macadamia nut and man being related (in most cases anyway).

I feel the need to ask: do you actually care if people can show to you that evolution is correct or not (which it is)? You always talk so negatively and dismissively about evolutionary theory, so I have to ask, do you even want to proven wrong about your own views?
Do you even care?
 
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The timing of the inquirer ignoring my posts is impeccable.....

(@inquiring mind) with no science background will dismiss this as 'googling', but perhaps he should try some 'googling' instead of trying to argue using platitudes and fallacies and mere child-like dismissals of that which he cannot comprehend - if you need help with the relevant science terms, don't be ashamed to ask (be ashamed to try to argue against it all with mere dismissals or referrals to tribal deities):

Unified reaction pathways for the prebiotic formation of RNA and DNA nucleobases
Yassin Aweis Jeilani,*a Phoenix N. Williams,a Sofia Waltona and Minh Tho Nguyen*b

Abstract
The reaction pathways for the prebiotic formation of nucleobases are complex and lead to the formation of a mixture of products. In the past 50 years, there has been a concerted effort for identifying a unified mechanism for the abiotic origin of the biomolecules but with little success. In the present theoretical study, we identified two prominent precursors for the building up of RNA and DNA nucleobases under prebiotic conditions: (a) 1,2-diaminomaleonitrile (DAMN), which is a tetramer of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and (b) formamide, a hydrolysis product of HCN; it is important to emphasize that HCN is the source of both precursors. We find that free radical pathways are potentially appropriate to account for the origin of nucleobases from HCN. The current study unites the formamide pathways with the DAMN pathways. The mechanisms for the formation of the RNA and DNA nucleobases (uracil, adenine, purine, cytosine) were studied by quantum chemical computations using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level. All the routes involved proceed with relatively low energy barriers (within the error margin of DFT methods). We showed that the radical mechanisms for the formation of nucleobases could be unified through common precursors. The results demonstrated that 4-aminoimidazole-5-carbonitrile (AICN), which is a known precursor for nucleobases, is a product of DAMN. The overall mechanisms are internally consistent with the abiotic formation of the nucleobases, namely (a) under a meteoritic impact scenario on the early Earth's surface that generated high internal energy, and/or (b) in the (gas phase) interstellar regions without the presence of catalysts.

Get




Generation of RNA Molecules by a Base-Catalysed Click-Like Reaction
Dr. Giovanna Costanzo,Prof. Raffaele Saladino,Dr. Giorgia Botta,Dr. Alessandra Giorgi,Dr. Anita Scipioni,Dr. Samanta Pino,Prof. Ernesto Di Mauro,
First published: 30 March 2012

Abstract
Spontaneous polymerization of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP occurs in water, in formamide, in dimethylformamide, and (in water) in the presence of a Brønsted base such as 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene. The reaction is thermodynamically favoured and selectively yields 3′,5′-bonded ribopolymers.






Abstract
The problem of the abiotic origin of RNA from prebiotically plausible compounds remains unsolved. As a potential partial solution, we report the spontaneous polymerization of 3′,5′-cyclic GMP in water, in formamide, in dimethylformamide, and (in water) in the presence of a Brønsted base such as 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene. The reaction is untemplated, does not require enzymatic activities, is thermodynamically favoured and selectively yields 3′,5′-bonded ribopolymers containing as many as 25 nucleotides. We propose a reaction pathway on the basis of 1) the measured stacking of the 3′,5′-cyclic monomers, 2) the activation by Brønsted bases, 3) the determination (by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, by 31P NMR, and by specific ribonucleases) of the molecular species produced. The reaction pathway has several of the attributes of a click-like reaction.


Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets
Inho Nam, Hong Gil Nam, and Richard N. Zare

See all authors and affiliations

PNAS January 2, 2018 115 (1) 36-40; first published December 18, 2017; Abiotic synthesis of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in aqueous microdroplets
Significance
Discovery of an improved prebiotic method for the synthesis of ribonucleosides provides support to theories that posit a central role for RNA in the origin of life. It has been assumed that ribonucleosides arose through an abiotic process in which ribose and nucleobases became conjoined, but the direct condensation of nucleobases with ribose to give ribonucleosides in bulk solution is thermodynamically uphill. We show a general synthetic path for ribonucleosides, both purine and pyrimidine bases, using an abiotic salvage pathway in a microdroplet environment with divalent magnesium ion (Mg2+) as a catalyst. Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides are formed simultaneously under the same conditions, which suggests a possible scenario for the spontaneous production of random ribonucleosides necessary to generate various types of primitive RNA.

Abstract
Aqueous microdroplets (<1.3 µm in diameter on average) containing 15 mM D-ribose, 15 mM phosphoric acid, and 5 mM of a nucleobase (uracil, adenine, cytosine, or hypoxanthine) are electrosprayed from a capillary at +5 kV into a mass spectrometer at room temperature and 1 atm pressure with 3 mM divalent magnesium ion (Mg2+) as a catalyst. Mass spectra show the formation of ribonucleosides that comprise a four-letter alphabet of RNA with a yield of 2.5% of uridine (U), 2.5% of adenosine (A), 0.7% of cytidine (C), and 1.7% of inosine (I) during the flight time of ∼50 µs. In the case of uridine, no catalyst is required. An aqueous solution containing guanine cannot be generated under the same conditions given the extreme insolubility of guanine in water. However, inosine can base pair with cytidine and thus substitute for guanosine. Thus, a full set of ribonucleosides to generate the purine–pyrimidine base pairs A-U and I-C are spontaneously generated in aqueous microdroplets under similar mild conditions.


Synthesis of pyrimidines and triazines in ice: implications for the prebiotic chemistry of nucleobases.

Abstract
Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of RNA bases and functionalized s-triazines from 0.1 M urea solutions in water after subjection to freeze-thaw cycles for three weeks. The icy solution was under a reductive, methane-based atmosphere, which was subjected to spark discharges as an energy source for the first 72 h of the experiment. Analysis of the products indicates the synthesis of the s-triazines cyanuric acid, ammeline, ammelide, and melamine, the pyrimidines cytosine, uracil, and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine, and the purine adenine. An experiment performed as a control at room temperature, with the urea solution in the liquid phase and with the same atmosphere and energy source, led to the synthesis of hydantoins and insoluble tholin, but there was no evidence of the synthesis of pyrimidines or triazines. The synthesis of pyrimidines from urea is possible under a methane/nitrogen atmosphere only at low temperature, in the solid phase. The generation of both pyrimidines and triazines in comparable yields from urea, together with a possible role for triazines as alternative nucleobases, opens new perspectives on the prebiotic chemistry of informational polymers.​
Just a sampling of the 2,850 returns I got when using Google Scholar, searching for 'abiotic generation of nucleobases'. Let's say half of them are irrelevant or redundant. That leaves 1400 research papers on abiotic synthesis of nucleobases. It took me far longer to copy paste the abstracts that it did to do the search - something you could do rather than smugly asserting we have no idea how these things came to be without Yahweh magic - for Whom's very existence there exists no evidence whatsoever (I do not consider hillbillies seeing Jesus' face on burnt toast proof, sorry).

And then there are the spontaneous generation of nucleotides... in space:

Abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides in conditions of space flight of the biosputnik “BION-11”

Abstract
The space satellite's surface can be looked at as a model of the small bodies in the Solar system, such as comets, carbonaceous chondrites and interplanetary dust particles which are rich in complex organic compounds. It is important to test how far the process of chemical evolution could develop on the surface of these bodies. The solid films from mixtures of adenosine, deoxyadenosine, cytidine or thymidine and NaH2PO4 were exposed to open space condition in flight experiment on board of “BION—11” satellite. (The time of flight was 14 days, temperature changed from −30 up to +100°C). The abiogenic synthesis of nucleotides has been observed. The summary yields were: for adenosine—5.8%, for deoxyadenosine—2.3%, for cytidine—4.7% and for thymidine —2.0%. Our experiment indicates that nucleotides could be synthesized in an early stage of the Solar system evolution and safely transported to the Earth by comets, asteroids and dust particles.​
While even the most disingenuous, desperate, dishonest hack of a creationist knows that abiogenesis is irrelevant to evolution, at least we can point to people actually trying to understand things. Whence the evidence or research for 'dust to Adam' God magic? Which creationist organization is sponsoring or engaging in research on the matter?

Slavish devotion to ancient tales and the deity described therein (but nowhere else) is cute, but not a very substantive or fruitful way for adults in the 21st century to live their lives.​
And, oh yes, googling elevated to art.
 
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inquiring mind

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I feel the need to ask: do you actually care if people can show to you that evolution is correct or not (which it is)? You always talk so negatively and dismissively about evolutionary theory, so I have to ask, do you even want to proven wrong about your own views?
Do you even care?
Please read my comment again.
 
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Please read my comment again.

I did, and I'll repeat my comment:
I feel the need to ask: do you actually care if people can show to you that evolution is correct or not (which it is)? You always talk so negatively and dismissively about evolutionary theory, so I have to ask, do you even want to proven wrong about your own views?
Do you even care?
 
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I did, and I'll repeat my comment:
I feel the need to ask: do you actually care if people can show to you that evolution is correct or not (which it is)? You always talk so negatively and dismissively about evolutionary theory, so I have to ask, do you even want to proven wrong about your own views?
Do you even care?
Maybe I should have said read it very slowly. Hint: "the possibility that psychedelic mushrooms contributed to brain size and the evolution scenario".
 
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Warden_of_the_Storm

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Maybe I should have said read it very slowly. Hint: "the possibility that psychedelic mushrooms contributed to brain size and the evolution scenario".

And you also said, very dismissively: "that makes a lot more sense than a Macadamia nut and man being related (in most cases anyway)."

So I'll repeat what I said, and please do actually answer the question:
I feel the need to ask: do you actually care if people can show to you that evolution is correct or not (which it is)? You always talk so negatively and dismissively about evolutionary theory, so I have to ask, do you even want to proven wrong about your own views?
Do you even care?
 
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And you also said, very dismissively: "that makes a lot more sense than a Macadamia nut and man being related (in most cases anyway)."

So I'll repeat what I said, and please do actually answer the question:
I feel the need to ask: do you actually care if people can show to you that evolution is correct or not (which it is)? You always talk so negatively and dismissively about evolutionary theory, so I have to ask, do you even want to proven wrong about your own views?
Do you even care?
I offered a lot more recognition of evolution than you do creation, so why should I even consider answering that question?
 
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I offered a lot more recognition of evolution than you do creation, so why should I even consider answering that question?

Except that every 'recognition' of it has been like you're entertaining a child's fantasy, and you continue to be dismissive of it every time it's brought up, like exactly how you're responding in this post.
I treat Creationism as it is to be treat in science: like it's unscientific. As religion, it's fine, but it's not science.

So again, I shall repeat:
I feel the need to ask: do you actually care if people can show to you that evolution is correct or not (which it is)? You always talk so negatively and dismissively about evolutionary theory, so I have to ask, do you even want to proven wrong about your own views?
Do you even care?
 
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