We have a fundamental disagreement on this essential matter. But to answer your Luke 10 issue,
No. Jesus was teaching New Covenant and not Old Covenant. Jesus was making changes to the Old Law (For Jesus said to make no vows, and to turn the other cheek instead of an eye for an eye, etc.). Paul did not say that Christ's teachings have changed. On the contrary, Paul said that if any man speaks contrary to the words of Jesus Christ and the doctrine according to godliness, he is proud and he knows nothing (1 Timothy 6:3-4).
Besides, there was no such thing as justification by "Law Alone" (without faith and without God's grace) in the Old Covenant. That is false.
Obedience to the Law was after one had faith in God.
Jesus told the Pharisees that they ignored the weightier matters of the Law like love, FAITH, justice, and mercy (Matthew 23:23, Luke 11:42).
Paul points to Abraham as an example of faith in Romans 4.
Abraham believed God first before he was circumcised and that belief by Abraham was accounted to him for righteousness. But Abraham also had to be circumcised in order to continue in salvation, otherwise he would have been cut off from God's covenant (See Genesis 17:14).
Hebrews 11 is the famous faith chapter of the OT saints.
Salvation was always by faith.
Obedience to God's laws were merely the works of faith.
But the Pharisees turned God's grace into a system of distorted works alone salvationism. They did not even obey all of God's laws let alone have proper faith in God like they were supposed to.
If a person truly loves God and their neighbor, they will keep Christ's commandments. Jesus said if you love me, keep my commandments (John 14:15). Not the OT commandments. His commandments. Paul says in 1 Corinthians 16:22 that if any man loves not the Lord Jesus Christ, let him be accursed. Paul says in Romans 8:13 says, "For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: but if ye through the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live."
You said:
Jesus was in fact talking about justification by the law, just as Paul does in Romans 2:7 to tutor the person to abandon such in favor of justification by faith apart from works.
Okay. Romans 2:7 is not saying what you are claiming.
In context it says:
5 "...God;
6 ...will render to every man according to his deeds:
7 To them who by patient continuance in well doing seek for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life:
8 But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath,
9 Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;
10 But glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile:
11 For there is no respect of persons with God." (Romans 2:6-11).
God is talking about wrath and judgment if you do evil and those who do not obey the truth. God is not a respecter of persons (vs. 11). He will render every man according to his deeds. (vs. 6).
A person will perish if they sin regardless of whether or not they are not under the Old Law or not.
"For as many as have sinned without law shall also perish without law: and as many as have sinned in the law shall be judged by the law;" (Romans 2:12).
Paul's whole argument is not Law in general like the commands that come from Jesus and His followers, but it is the Old Law.
For if we were not under the Law salvation wise, then we would not be under the commandment that says:
"And this is his commandment, That we should believe on the name of his Son Jesus Christ,..." (1 John 3:23).
Surely you believe you are justified by keeping this law or commandment. So you are justified or saved by law keeping. It is just New Covenant Law and not Old Covenant Law. It is the Law of faith. But the Bible talks about how we have "works of faith." In the New Covenant, this is not the same as the "works of the Law of Moses."
You said:
Notice Jesus says, ""What is written in the Law?" He's referring to justification by law. Rom 10:5 Moses describes in this way the righteousness that is by the law: "The man who does these things will live by them." Justiification by law is about attaining justification by one's compliance to commands. In contrast Paul goes on in Romans 10:
6 But the righteousness that is by faith says: "Do not say in your heart, ‘Who will ascend into heaven?’" (that is, to bring Christ down)
7 "or ‘Who will descend into the deep?’" (that is, to bring Christ up from the dead).
8 But what does it say? "The word is near you; it is in your mouth and in your heart," that is, the word of faith we are proclaiming:
9 That if you confess with your mouth, "Jesus is Lord," and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved.
10 For it is with your heart that you believe and are justified, and it is with your mouth that you confess and are saved.
11 As the Scripture says, "Anyone who trusts in him will never be put to shame."
12 For there is no difference between Jew and Gentile— the same Lord is Lord of all and richly blesses all who call on him,
13 for, "Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved."
The context is talking to Jews. They did not accept the Savior, so this is why Paul was saying for them to accept Jesus apart from the Old Law that they were following.
Likewise in Romans 2:7 he's talking about justification by law. But notice the transition in Rom 3:20
Rom 3:
20 Therefore no one will be declared righteous in his sight by observing the law; rather, through the law we become conscious of sin.
21 But now a righteousness from God, apart from law, has been made known, to which the Law and the Prophets testify.
22 This righteousness from God comes through faith in Jesus Christ to all who believe. There is no difference,
23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God,
24 and are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that came by Christ Jesus.
In Romans 3, Paul is trying to refute "Circumcision Salvationism." For he asks, "what profit is there in circumcision?" Note: This was a heresy at the time (See Acts of the Apostles 15:1, Acts of the Apostles 15:5, Acts of the Apostles 15:24). So Paul was talking about the Old Contract or the whole (not individual commands) of the 613 laws of the "Law of Moses" when he was talking about the "law" here. He was also saying that we cannot be saved by Law Alone without God's grace. A person first needs to accept Jesus as their Savior (Jew or Greek) and then build upon Jesus as their foundation. You probably no doubt erroneously believe that Romans 3:10 and Romans 3:23 is in reference to the present walk of a believer's life with God. That they will always sin in some way because nobody can stop sinning in this life. Oh, they will generally live holy (whatever that means), but they cannot overcome sin. But if this is the case, then you must believe that Romans 3:11 applies to present walk of a believer's life, too (Which is the context). It says that they are without understanding and they do not seek after God. Do you believe this describes the Christian?
You said:
So while "the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ, that we might be justified by faith. But after faith has come, we ar "e no longer under a tutor." Gal 3:24,25 and "through the law we become conscious of sin" Rom 3:20 So while the law has a purpose and was utilized by Jesus and Paul, the purpose wasn't to save.
This does not mean "Law Alone" (without God's grace and without faith) was the way of salvation back in the Old Covenant. The Law was a school master or teacher to bring the Jews who ignored faith so that they could realize their error (by their false system of Law keeping alone) so as to come to Christ. Faith existed during the time of the Old Testament. When Paul says, "But before faith came" he is referring to the faith in Jesus Christ and or the faith of the New Covenant. Paul's point here is not Sanctification (Which happens after Justification) but his point here is Justification (i.e. Accepting Jesus as one's Savior by faith in order to be initially saved and to then build upon that foundation). His opponents were trying to be saved by saying they had to be circumcised first in order to be saved (See: Galatians 2:3, Galatians 2:3, Galatians 5:2, Galatians 5:6, Galatians 6:5; Also see: 1 Corinthians 7:18-19, Romans 2:28-29, Romans 3:1, Romans 4:9-12, Acts of the Apostles 21:21). The Law was a teacher to those Jews ignored God's plan of salvation through faith even in the Old Testament. Remember, Jesus said the Pharisees ignored the weightier matters of the Law like faith (See Matthew 23:23, Luke 11:42).