One has to separate stories from "eyewitness accounts". Very little of the Bible appears to be eyewitness accounts and the Bible only dates to about 500 BCE. For example the Pentateuch is thought to have reached its final form during the Persian Period, which was from538 to 332 BCE:
Old Testament - Wikipedia
Some of the stories of the Pentateuch may derive from older sources. American science writer
Homer W. Smith points out similarities between the
Genesis creation narrative and that of the
Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, such as the inclusion of the creation of the first man (
Adam/
Enkidu) in the
Garden of Eden, a
tree of knowledge, a
tree of life, and a deceptive serpent.
[6] Scholars such as
Andrew R. George point out the similarity of the
Genesis flood narrative and the
Gilgamesh flood myth.
[7][t] Similarities between the origin story of
Moses and that of
Sargon of Akkad were noted by psychoanalyst
Otto Rank in 1909
[11] and popularized by later writers, such as
H. G. Wells and
Joseph Campbell.
[12][13] Wells concedes in
The Outline of History that "there is a growing flavour of reality in most of" the later books of the Old Testament, describing the stories of
David and
Solomon as being detailed with "the harshest facts" only a nearly contemporary writer would likely be able to relate.[12] Similarly, Will Durant states in Our Oriental Heritage (1935):
In its outlines, and barring supernatural incidents, the story of the Jews as unfolded in the Old Testament has stood the test of criticism and archeology; every year adds corroboration from documents, monuments, or excavations. ... We must accept the Biblical account provisionally until it is disproved.[14]
In 2007, scholar of Judaism Lester L. Grabbe explained that earlier biblical scholars such as Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918) could be described as 'maximalist', accepting biblical text unless it has been disproven. Continuing in this tradition, both "the 'substantial historicity' of the patriarchs" and "the unified conquest of the land" were widely accepted in the United States until about the 1970s. Contrarily, Grabbe says that those in his field now "are all minimalists – at least, when it comes to the patriarchal period and the settlement. ... [V]ery few are willing to operate [as maximalists]."[15]