You’re right: educated people in antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance almost universally knew the Earth was a sphere. Eratosthenes even measured its circumference in the 3rd century BCE with impressive accuracy. The supposed "flat Earth" belief in Columbus’ time is a myth.
So, why was this myth taught in U.S. schools?
The short answer is:
it was a 19th-century invention that became popular in American education.
1. The origins of the "flat Earth myth"
- Washington Irving (1828) – In his A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, Irving dramatized Columbus as a lonely genius battling ignorant churchmen who thought the Earth was flat. He exaggerated the opposition to Columbus to make a better story.
- 19th-century polemicists – During the conflict between science and religion (the “conflict thesis”), writers like John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White used the flat-Earth story to depict the Church as hostile to science. They presented Columbus as a hero of reason against medieval superstition, even though medieval scholars had long accepted the spherical Earth.
2. Why schools picked it up
- Narrative simplicity – It was a very tidy story for children: “Once people thought the world was flat. Then came Columbus, who bravely proved it was round.” Simple, dramatic, and easy to remember.
- Moral lesson – It reinforced the idea of progress: brave individuals overturning ignorance and tradition.
- Anti-clerical bias – In Protestant-majority America, the myth dovetailed with a cultural narrative that the Catholic Church had been backward and opposed to science.
- Textbook repetition – Once a textbook author included it, others copied it. By the late 19th and early 20th century, the "flat Earth Columbus" story was in most American schoolbooks.
3. The reality
- Medieval scholars (including churchmen like Thomas Aquinas) assumed a spherical Earth.
- Columbus’ real debate was over distances: he underestimated Earth’s size and thought Asia was much closer by sailing west. His critics actually had the better math, though luck (and America) saved him.
- Galileo’s conflict with the Church was about heliocentrism, not Earth’s shape.