The Hebrews' ideas about what happens after death might be pieced together from the Talmud. They called the place Gehenna. Gehenna was derived from a word for the Hinnom Valley south of the walls of Herodian Jerusalem. The dung gate described in Nehemiah was a gate close to the Hinnom Valley. It is thought the garbage and animal dung from the city was taken through the Dung Gate to be dumped in the valley. After death the body rots and becomes like rubbish. Some families could afford to preserve the bones of their dead in limestone boxes called ossuaries. In recent decades a road construction project exposed a tomb with the elaborately decorated ossuary of Caiphas intact. Caiphas was the high priest who condemned Jesus to die. Hebrew ideas about the afterlife may have been influence by ancient Egyptian or Greek mythology. The real state of the dead is a subject of debate. Some Christian writings indicate the righteous dead will be in heaven/new world. Jesus referred to his dead friend Lazarus as not dead, but sleeping.
In the Hebrew Bible, Gehenna was initially where some of the kings of Judah sacrificed their children by fire.
And they have built the high places of Tophet, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire; which I commanded them not, neither came it into my heart. (Jer. 7:31)
Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that this place shall no more be called Tophet, nor The valley of the son of Hinnom, but The valley of slaughter. (Jer. 19:6)
There was some idea of an afterlife, Abraham and Job knew about the resurrection:
As for me, I know that my Redeemer lives, And at the last He will take His stand on the earth. "Even after my skin is destroyed, Yet from my flesh I shall see God; Whom I myself shall behold, And whom my eyes will see and not another. (Job 19: 25-27)
Abraham reasoned that God could raise the dead, and in a sense, he did receive Isaac back from death. (Heb. 11:19)
There was a vague concept of an after life, certainly the faithful knew something about the resurrection. The only passage I know of in the OT that directly mentions a place of eternal shame and contempt is Danial:
"Many of those who sleep in the dust of the ground will awake, these to everlasting life, but the others to disgrace and everlasting contempt. "Those who have insight will shine brightly like the brightness of the expanse of heaven, and those who lead the many to righteousness, like the stars forever and ever (Dan. 12:2,3)
Jesus was the only one in Scripture to speak directly to the resurrection and final judgment. He is just about the only person in Scripture to discuss hell, certainly the only one to discuss it at length.
The Old Testament Sheol was literally used synonymously with the grave and death. Peter saw this as a promise of the resurrection:
Therefore my heart is glad and my tongue rejoices, my body also will live in hope, because You will not abandon my soul to Hades, nor will You let Your Holy One see decay. (Acts 2:27; Psalm 16:10)
“Fellow Israelites, I can tell you confidently that the patriarch David died and was buried, and his tomb is here to this day. But he was a prophet and knew that God had promised him on oath that he would place one of his descendants on his throne. Seeing what was to come, he spoke of the resurrection of the Messiah, that he was not abandoned to the realm of the dead, nor did his body see decay. (Acts 2:29-31)
Peter is still speaking of 'Sheol', translated here as, 'the realm of the dead', as the grave. There were times people would say, no one speaks like this man. I think we have become too familiar, we tend to forget the level of revelation Jesus brought through his teachings.
I hope you'll pardon my sensibilities here but Jesus going into Sheol, the realm of the dead, and going into hell are two very different things. He did preach to those who were in hell but he was in paradise, heaven or whatever you might want to call it. It is impossible for hell to have him and equally impossible for the grave to hold him.
Grace and peace,
Mark