Which is what we observe. Hall's bacteria, for example. Or the remarkably fast evolution of a new digestive organ in Adriatic lizards, when moved to a new environment. A series of evolutionary changes quickly (in a matter of two decades) adapted them to their new home.
But how do we know these are random mutations. A change in sequences does not mean it was random. As you know from what I have posted there is evidence of directed change from many different sources. Pre-existing genetic info is being utilized in many cases and being switched on or recombined.
Also, we have HGT especially with bacteria. AS I posted earlier Hall experiments simply show that lactose tolerance was already an ability that living things had. It is the same with the common example used for evolution with antibiotic resistance. This can help explain why evolutionary change can happen so fast as with the lizards.
If it was a case of Darwinian processes only then this should not happen fast. AS Darwin himself said it is a slow and gradual process. It makes more sense that changes to what is a complex system can happen fast because it involves mechanisms that allow the utilization and combining of existing genetic info or the loss of existing info.
New research findings show antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon that predates the modern clinical antibiotic use. The breakthrough will have important impact on the understanding of antibiotic resistance.
Scientists were surprised at how fast bacteria developed resistance to the miracle antibiotic drugs when they were developed less than a century ago. Now scientists at McMaster University have found that resistance has been around for at least 30,000 years.
Resistance to antibiotics is ancient
Scientists in the UK have provided the first experimental evidence that shows that evolution is driven most powerfully by interactions between species, rather than adaptation to the environment.
Interactions between species: Powerful driving force behind evolution?
It looks more impressive than it is, because we only see the winners, not the countless losers.
But we should see the countless losers because they leave dysfunctional outcomes. For every good prototype that survived there should be many bad prototypes that died. Creatures with malformed features, we should see countless diseased and dysfunctional animals and humans all over the place living now if Darwinian processes are at work experimenting on the next new beneficial features.
It was for demonstrating that, that Luria and Delbruck got their Nobels. Our adaptation to bipedal movement is definitely suboptimal. But it's fairly recent, so maybe not finished.
Once again this could also be the result of a control gene that can change the development of major body plans and not necessarily the result of random mutations changing a creature bit by bit. Research shows that apes were able to walk upright well before scientists claim they first started to walk upright. It was not the case of gradual evolution.
An extraordinary advance in human origins research reveals evidence of the emergence of the upright human body plan over 15 million years earlier than most experts have believed. More dramatically, the study confirms preliminary evidence that many early hominoid apes were most likely upright bipedal walkers sharing the basic body form of modern humans.
The critical event involves a dramatic embryological change unique to the human lineage that was not previously understood because the unusual human condition was viewed as "normal."
"From an embryological point of view, what took place is literally breathtaking," says Dr. Aaron Filler, a Harvard-trained evolutionary biologist and a medical director at Cedars Sinai Medical Center's Institute for Spinal Disorders.
Early Apes Walked Upright 15 Million Years Earlier Than Previously Thought, Evolutionary Biologist Argues
Like HbS and HbC. Natural selection merely selects from what is there. It is creation only in the sense that it determines what alleles will be present, in what frequency, for the next generation.
yet it is random in that there was no guarantee that the second mutation would come to make the initial one less of a cost to fitness. It may have been the case that humans were not evolved at all and because they are here is only due to luck.
It is a bit like Dawkins explanation of evolution being blind chance with no purpose and his example of a bunch of monkeys at typewriters where one would eventually through time type out a Shakespeare’s poem. That denotes pure chance.
Why would God use such a process like that when he needed certainty for his future plans for humankind? Does god know the future because he just knows or because that is what he intended in the first place. If so he needed to have some guarantees by in the words of pink Floyd “setting the controls for the sun but in this case humans in his likeness.
He created a universe in which such organisms, and such mechanisms would evolve naturally.
If you say that God created a universe that allows organisms such as us to evolve naturally then you are implying that there were some specific laws that ensured this would happen rather than a chance and random process that could have produced any possible outcome.
As many scientists propose in a counter to our finely tuned universe for life that there are billions of alternative universes that have produced all sorts of possible outcomes. Unless you believe in multiverses then our finely tuned universe for intelligent life in the worlds of Fred Hoyle “it seems as if "a super- intellect has monkeyed with physics".
If this is the case, then why not a super intellect monkeying with the laws of life. If God set the controls for the universe and earth from the very beginning to end up being able to produce us, then surely, he did the same for the whole creation and this includes from the point earth was created in the aftermath of the big bang to the evolution of modern humans.
They'd be rather ignorant if they thought so. Evolution is not about the origin of life. Darwin, for example, just supposed that God created the first living things. God, however says that the earth produced the first living things as He intended. So it seems that He was great enough to make that happen naturally, after all.
I don’t mean life as in the first life but the evolution of life. They propose from the beginning of our universe that this was done by naturalistic material causes that did not need a God involved. This same view is carried through to the evolution of life itself.
The main supporters of evolution propose that no God is needed at all and that evolution is a self-creating force that has no aim or purpose. It happened by accident and we just happened to be lucky enough to have been produced. But the same could have happened elsewhere. There is no fine-tuned universe for life because it happened by chance. We just happened to be in the right place in among many other possibilities or there is some other material mechanism we have not discovered that is responsible. So long as it is not to do with God.
I find it hard to reconcile how an all-powerful God would leave things up to random and chance processes. For one as mentioned the conditions for even having the conditions for life according to the same supporters of evolution theory is that it happened by chance. We are the lucky ones by chance that just happen to be in the right place in among billions of other possibilities.
So as mentioned if the controls were monkeyed with to produce the conditions for life then the controls were monkeyed with to produce that life. They can’t have their cake and eat it too.
Let's see how that works. Suppose we have a population with a certain gene locus with 2 allles, each with a frequency of 0.5. Suppose there is a mutation producing a third allele, and eventually, each of them then have a frequency of about 0.333. (I'm using these numbers to make computation easy, but you can change them, if you like)
What was the information for that gene when there were two alleles and what was the information when there were three? If there's a difference in information, from where did it come?
speaking of computer programs it is the same as saying if you had a number of letters that spelt out a coherent number of words for example using Dawkins again his famous Me think it’s a weasel” program. Dawkins uses this to show how evolution is guided by natural selection.
The problem with this is that going from non-coherent words that produce gibberish as it makes its way to the eventual phrase and according to selection these would be eliminated. The other problem is that his program has been programmed to aim for the specific phrase and evolution does not work that way. It is blind and does not have a specific target to aim for. One selected situation may undo previous one as environments change.
Not actually. If we could recreate the conditions at the beginning, then the laws would be as they were then. Decoupling obeyed the same laws we have today, and matter condensed out of the initial expansion only when it cooled sufficiently to let electrons and protons come together to form hydrogen.
But people talk about how if any of the initial conditions were slightly different, we would not have the right mix when things cooled. i.e.
Fine Tuning Parameters for the Universe
- strong nuclear force constant
if larger: no hydrogen would form; atomic nuclei for most life-essential elements would be unstable; thus, no life chemistry
if smaller: no elements heavier than hydrogen would form: again, no life chemistry
- weak nuclear force constant
if larger: too much hydrogen would convert to helium in big bang; hence, stars would convert too much matter into heavy elements making life chemistry impossible
if smaller: too little helium would be produced from big bang; hence, stars would convert too little matter into heavy elements making life chemistry impossible
3. ratio of electron to proton mass
if larger: chemical bonding would be insufficient for life chemistry
if smaller: same as above
4. ratio of number of protons to number of electrons
if larger: electromagnetism would dominate gravity, preventing galaxy, star, and planet
formation if smaller: same as above
5. expansion rate of the universe
if larger: no galaxies would form
if smaller: universe would collapse, even before stars formed
6. entropy level of the universe
if larger: stars would not form within proto-galaxies
if smaller: no proto-galaxies would form
7. mass density of the universe
if larger: overabundance of deuterium from big bang would cause stars to burn rapidly, too rapidly for life to form
if smaller: insufficient helium from big bang would result in a shortage of heavy elements
Whether it happened by design or by contingent processes doesn't matter at all to God.
Then why do many talks about the finely tuned universe for intelligent life.
Let's put a finer point on it. How was the universe so finely tuned that it was able to produce you?
by many constants being just right that needed to be just right to produce me. This is a well know argument. Even non-religious scientists support this but they tend to come up with counter arguments like the multiverse theory to negate it.
The strong anthropic principle (SAP) says that the universe is as it is, because we are here. The weak anthropic principle (WAP) says that the universe is the way it is, because if it was different, we wouldn't be here to see it. One last version says that it is the way it is, because it was designed by a designer. This is sometimes referred to as the completely ridiculous anthropic principle.
Yet so many scientists support this last one. That is why they come up with the idea of a multiverse. If there are billions of slightly different universes with slightly different physical constants, then it makes our not so special. It puts it in among a lot of possibilities and not just one which would make it more likely to be the result of tinkering with the constants.
Obviously, an omnipotent creator doesn't need to design. And as Aquinas says, He can use necessity or contingency in His divine providence.
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