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The source of moral obligation

Jeremy E Walker

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Are you asking a prescriptive question? I'll assume so.

These obligations and prohibitions come from an understanding of the requirements of human life. There is a reality to human well-being and to those values and virtues that are either means or constituents of that well-being. The human good is something that exists due to the nature and function of human life.

A "moral law giver" would be entirely besides the point. Why should we do what the moral law giver orders us to do? How do rewards or punishments generate oughts? A dog can respond to rewards and punishments, but is that truly a good dog from the dog's perspective, or is that simply an obedient dog that is convenient for its masters?

If we understand how to achieve our own good, which is to say to do what is in our best interests, we have a rational reason to act in certain ways and not in others. It's not simply about obeying the leader, but seeing why we should cultivate certain virtues in ourselves.


eudaimonia,

Mark

You and Jeremy are sitting in a Starbuck's. He sees the iPad you have been using to post replies on this forum. He wants it. You get up to go take a leak. Not thinking it would be taken while you are gone, you leave it on the table.

Jeremy knows he can calmly walk over and pick it up because the place is dead. The few people in there have their heads stuck up their smart phones and he knows he can get away without getting caught because he has done it hundreds of times.

Who or what obligates him to deny his desire to have your iPad and leave it right where it is instead of taking it?
 
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Davian

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Then who determines what is obligatory or prohibited?

You supplied this:

"persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.'"

the word "them" refers to people no?
Yes.
Or maybe flying pigs?
They are standing by to appear at the moment when you drop your use of presuppositional apologetics. :)
 
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Davian

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You and Jeremy are sitting in a Starbuck's. He sees the iPad you have been using to post replies on this forum. He wants it. You get up to go take a leak. Not thinking it would be taken while you are gone, you leave it on the table.

Jeremy knows he can calmly walk over and pick it up because the place is dead. The few people in there have their heads stuck up their smart phones and he knows he can get away without getting caught because he has done it hundreds of times.

Who or what obligates him to deny his desire to have your iPad and leave it right where it is instead of taking it?
Let's see how this works if we have a "moral law giver" like that found in the bible.

Is Jeremy a believer?
Yes) - Go to heaven
No) - Burn.
 
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JGG

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You and Jeremy are sitting in a Starbuck's. He sees the iPad you have been using to post replies on this forum. He wants it. You get up to go take a leak. Not thinking it would be taken while you are gone, you leave it on the table.

Jeremy knows he can calmly walk over and pick it up because the place is dead. The few people in there have their heads stuck up their smart phones and he knows he can get away without getting caught because he has done it hundreds of times.

Who or what obligates him to deny his desire to have your iPad and leave it right where it is instead of taking it?

Clearly nothing if he has done it hundreds of times before. However, what would happen if someone did see him take it?
 
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Jeremy E Walker

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Clearly nothing if he has done it hundreds of times before.

Precisely. Even if he has never done it before. Jeremy is under no obligation to do anything or to refrain from doing anything except do as he determines is best for him.


However, what would happen if someone did see him take it?

That person that saw him might shrug and go right back to checking their status on Facebook.

They might run after him and say, "hey man, nice lift!"

They might run and tell Mark that his iPad was taken.

The point I was making is that no one or nothing obligates Jeremy to not take Mark's iPad if Jeremy determines it is in his best interest to take it.
 
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JGG

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Precisely. Even if he has never done it before. Jeremy is under no obligation to do anything or to refrain from doing anything except do as he determines is best for him.

Right. If he wants to break the contract that's up to him. But then that contract no longer protects him. If someone steals from him what basis does he have to be upset, or feel wronged? He has already demonstrated that there's nothing wrong with that.

Were you thinking there was some invisible forcefield preventing him from breaking the contract?

That person that saw him might shrug and go right back to checking their status on Facebook.

They might run after him and say, "hey man, nice lift!"

They might run and tell Mark that his iPad was taken.

The point I was making is that no one or nothing obligates Jeremy to not take Mark's iPad if Jeremy determines it is in his best interest to take it.

Well, there's law enforcement, and the knowledge that he is leaving the protection of the social contract. But other than that, no, nothing.
 
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DogmaHunter

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I always get a kick out of these "morality" threads.

I know, right...

I'm always amazed by the sheer hypocracy of those claiming the moral high-ground... who find themselves in a religious system where it doesn't even really matter if you lived a moral life or not...
 
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FireDragon76

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It sounds to me like most atheist answers suggest they believe in "moral conditioning" rather than moral laws.

Social contract theory explains why societies have laws, but it doesn't explain whether an action is intrinsically moral or immoral. It was illegal for Rosa Parks to sit down on the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955... but that hardly makes her action immoral, since the law itself was unjust.
 
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Eudaimonist

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Who or what obligates him to deny his desire to have your iPad and leave it right where it is instead of taking it?

Jeremy should consider the following:

1) He isn't just a mass of desires. He is a rational being that is capable of judging his desires for their appropriateness to his life, and who has a need to follow long-term rational courses of action. Upon reflection, Jeremy may come to understand that actions have consequences, including internal consequences. By giving in to this desire, simply because it is a desire, he is weakening his ability to exercise the rational virtues that he needs to live a successful life.

2) By nature, he is a social being. By stealing from someone else, he is treating society as his enemy, even if other people are not currently aware of this (although there is no long-term guarantee of that!) If he looks to take advantage of others, he will prefer the company of his "soul mates" -- other parasites. It won't be obvious to him, but he will be cutting himself off from friendship with virtuous people who offer far better values than free iPads.

3) He will be robbing himself of self-respect. Deep down, he will understand that most other people create the values that they get in life (such as iPads earned through productive work), instead of acting like a parasite and living through the accomplishments of those others. The most basic "punishment" for being a thief is knowing that one is only a thief and that most people aren't.

I'll leave the list at that, though there are more considerations possible for Jeremy. He is putting himself down a dark road that is inconsistent with his good as a complete human individual. A teacher once told me that a student who cheats on exams is only cheating themselves out of an education. I think that there is truth to that. People who try to cheat at life only cheat themselves out of all of the best that life has to offer.


eudaimonia,

Mark
 
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GrowingSmaller

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Asking "Can there be morailty without God?" is a bit like asking "Can there be science without God?" The more progress we make in the rationalistic, secular paradigm, the more the real question becomes "Actually, can there be morality or science with God?"


Moralilty is like being healthy, there are various forms of exercise and sport. There are some fundamentals to health ontologically (what it means to BE healthy), but various ways of attaining it. Saying "...this is the God given way" is a bit like enforcing the treadmill at the gym as the one legitimate form of exercise.
 
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quatona

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It sounds to me like most atheist answers suggest they believe in "moral conditioning" rather than moral laws.

Social contract theory explains why societies have laws, but it doesn't explain whether an action is intrinsically moral or immoral.
...and neither would "God said so".
 
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GrowingSmaller

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It sounds to me like most atheist answers suggest they believe in "moral conditioning" rather than moral laws.

Social contract theory explains why societies have laws, but it doesn't explain whether an action is intrinsically moral or immoral. It was illegal for Rosa Parks to sit down on the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955... but that hardly makes her action immoral, since the law itself was unjust.
I am still waiting for someone to formally prove that given certain moral principles, and deriving rules from said principles, there will always be cases where we play by the rules but the principles would be better served in some other way.
 
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Jeremy E Walker

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Right. If he wants to break the contract that's up to him.

Precisely.

But then that contract no longer protects him.

I doubt Jeremy will find this troubling. Jeremy is ultimately responsible for protecting himself. He is not going to have faith that everyone else is so concerned about his best interest. Remember, one assents to the social contract ultimately out of self-interest anyway.


If someone steals from him what basis does he have to be upset, or feel wronged?


None whatsoever! That is the point. And he won't because Jeremy is a consistent atheist. He realizes that such notions are just social constructs, ultimately illusory and totally relative to the society he happens to find himself abiding in.



He has already demonstrated that there's nothing wrong with that.

Bingo!

Were you thinking there was some invisible forcefield preventing him from breaking the contract?

Nope.



Well, there's law enforcement, and the knowledge that he is leaving the protection of the social contract. But other than that, no, nothing.

And Jeremy could be a law enforcement officer himself. He could be the chief of police!

He could be in with the cops real well. Who knows.

And as far as leaving the protection of the contract, this does not bother him at all because:

1. He knows that all those who hold to a social contract theory do so ultimately out of self-interest. This means that he knows that people are going to ultimately look out for themselves. So he is not going to hesitate to do what he determines is in his best interest. He is good at faking it. Whenever he can break the law, cheat, lie, steal, defraud and get away with it, he will because he has only his self interest at heart.

He has a few years to live before he dies and he is not going to waste them denying his own desires just to be faithful to some contract that he knows people break out of self interest all the time.
 
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DogmaHunter

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None whatsoever! That is the point. And he won't because Jeremy is a consistent atheist. He realizes that such notions are just social constructs, ultimately illusory and totally relative to the society he happens to find himself abiding in.

You seem to be confusing "belief in deities" with a moral compass.


And Jeremy could be a law enforcement officer himself. He could be the chief of police!
He could be in with the cops real well. Who knows.

Yes, it's called a "dirty cop".

And as far as leaving the protection of the contract, this does not bother him at all because:

1. He knows that all those who hold to a social contract theory do so ultimately out of self-interest. This means that he knows that people are going to ultimately look out for themselves. So he is not going to hesitate to do what he determines is in his best interest. He is good at faking it. Whenever he can break the law, cheat, lie, steal, defraud and get away with it, he will because he has only his self interest at heart.

Now, you seem to be equating "breaking the law" with a moral compass. That's not correct either.

There is no law against being immoral per say. You have the legalright to be an impolite, self-centered, egotistical, narcistic back stabber.

He has a few years to live before he dies and he is not going to waste them denying his own desires just to be faithful to some contract that he knows people break out of self interest all the time.

Sounds like he is a psychopath.
 
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Jeremy E Walker

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Jeremy should consider the following:

You sound an awful lot like one of those Christians who claim one should be concerned about the welfare of others even if it is at their own expense!

Mark, you say Jeremy should consider certain things, but why should he?

You are assuming that he values or is going to agree with what you value.

What if he don't?

What if he determines to live out of pure self-interest?

I love this you wrote:

He isn't just a mass of desires. He is a rational being that is capable of judging his desires for their appropriateness to his life, and who has a need to follow long-term rational courses of action. Upon reflection, Jeremy may come to understand that actions have consequences, including internal consequences. By giving in to this desire, simply because it is a desire, he is weakening his ability to exercise the rational virtues that he needs to live a successful life.

It is quite remarkable.

Jeremy is a rational being capable of judging his desires for their appropriateness to his life. Of this he is sure.

But who says Jeremy needs to follow long term rational courses of action?

You?

What if he has determined to live for no more than five years?

You assume that Jeremy will agree that he needs to follow long term rational courses of action, but he may not.

Nothing obligates him to follow long term rational courses of action if he decides it is not in his best interest to do so.

Jeremy very well understands actions have consequences.

The last is real rich. You claim:

By giving in to this desire, simply because it is a desire, he is weakening his ability to exercise the rational virtues that he needs to live a successful life.

That is hilarious. You think it weakens him. Maybe he thinks it strengthens him.

You think exercising rational virtues will cause him to live a successful life, but your definition of successful may be totally different than his.

Your argument only works if he holds your views.

You are claiming things and assuming that Jeremy will agree with your claims, as if they are an appeal to some standard which Jeremy should know is worthy of abiding by.

But he is under no obligation whatsoever to share any of the views you share.

Get where I am going?
 
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Archaeopteryx

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None whatsoever! That is the point. And he won't because Jeremy is a consistent atheist. He realizes that such notions are just social constructs, ultimately illusory and totally relative to the society he happens to find himself abiding in.

You sound an awful lot like one of those Christians who claim one should be concerned about the welfare of others even if it is at their own expense!

Mark, you say Jeremy should consider certain things, but why should he?

You are assuming that he values or is going to agree with what you value.

What if he don't?

What if he determines to live out of pure self-interest?

I love this you wrote:

He isn't just a mass of desires. He is a rational being that is capable of judging his desires for their appropriateness to his life, and who has a need to follow long-term rational courses of action. Upon reflection, Jeremy may come to understand that actions have consequences, including internal consequences. By giving in to this desire, simply because it is a desire, he is weakening his ability to exercise the rational virtues that he needs to live a successful life.

It is quite remarkable.

Jeremy is a rational being capable of judging his desires for their appropriateness to his life. Of this he is sure.

But who says Jeremy needs to follow long term rational courses of action?

You?

What if he has determined to live for no more than five years?

You assume that Jeremy will agree that he needs to follow long term rational courses of action, but he may not.

Nothing obligates him to follow long term rational courses of action if he decides it is not in his best interest to do so.

Jeremy very well understands actions have consequences.

The last is real rich. You claim:

By giving in to this desire, simply because it is a desire, he is weakening his ability to exercise the rational virtues that he needs to live a successful life.

That is hilarious. You think it weakens him. Maybe he thinks it strengthens him.

You think exercising rational virtues will cause him to live a successful life, but your definition of successful may be totally different than his.

Your argument only works if he holds your views.

You are claiming things and assuming that Jeremy will agree with your claims, as if they are an appeal to some standard which Jeremy should know is worthy of abiding by.

But he is under no obligation whatsoever to share any of the views you share.

Get where I am going?

It sounds like Jeremy is a psychopath, and not even religion could make him moral.
 
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Eudaimonist

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You sound an awful lot like one of those Christians who claim one should be concerned about the welfare of others even if it is at their own expense!

I don't know how you've gotten that out of what I had written. I'm saying that mistreating others is not just at their expense, but at one's own as well.

Mark, you say Jeremy should consider certain things, but why should he?

Because it is in his best interests. There is a natural human good that is preferable to the alternatives precisely because he is a human being.

You are assuming that he values or is going to agree with what you value.

I don't assume anything. I regard the human good as real and beyond mere agreement or opinion. If he doesn't understand what that good is, then he lacks skill at living a human life. It's his loss.

What if he don't?

Then, sadly, he will act in ways that are self-destructive and he won't be doing what he is ethically obligated to do.

What if he determines to live out of pure self-interest?

I don't know what you mean by "pure self-interest". Perhaps you mean to ask me what if he intends to steal other people's iPads anyway? Then he will reap the consequences, both external and internal.

Jeremy is a rational being capable of judging his desires for their appropriateness to his life. Of this he is sure.

But who says Jeremy needs to follow long term rational courses of action?

You?

No, human nature determines this. We can't live on pure desire or instinct. We, as human beings, need to understand the world in conceptual terms and to reason from our understanding in order to produce both material and psychological values and thereby find well-being as human beings. That's part of what makes us the species that we are. There is no substitute for this.

What if he has determined to live for no more than five years?

Then he will be missing out on a longer, and probably better, life.

You assume that Jeremy will agree that he needs to follow long term rational courses of action, but he may not.

I do not assume this. I would ask Jeremy to use his brain to consider that. I might not reach him, but then no one can guarantee agreement. Not even you.

Nothing obligates him to follow long term rational courses of action if he decides it is not in his best interest to do so.

Yes, he is obligated, because it actually is in his best interests to do so.

If someone doesn't become a Christian, does that mean that she has no ethical obligations to follow the Golden Rule? I don't see how obligation requires agreement.

The last is real rich. You claim:

By giving in to this desire, simply because it is a desire, he is weakening his ability to exercise the rational virtues that he needs to live a successful life.

That is hilarious. You think it weakens him. Maybe he thinks it strengthens him.

And he would be mistaken. That is the stuff of Greek tragedy.

You think exercising rational virtues will cause him to live a successful life, but your definition of successful may be totally different than his.

I don't care what his definition of success is.

Your argument only works if he holds your views.

No, it doesn't. My argument in no ways depends on his agreement. You are trying to paint me as a subjectivist, when I am not that.

You are claiming things and assuming that Jeremy will agree with your claims, as if they are an appeal to some standard which Jeremy should know is worthy of abiding by.

No, I am hoping that Jeremy will listen to reason and come to a wiser understanding of his life.

Get where I am going?

Yes, you are misrepresenting my argument.

I agree with Archaeopteryx that Jeremy sounds like a psychopath or other sort of damaged individual. There is no reaching such people with rational arguments. He will unfortunately remain ethically stunted his whole life with that attitude. It's his loss.


eudaimonia,

Mark
 
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RDKirk

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It sounds to me like most atheist answers suggest they believe in "moral conditioning" rather than moral laws.

Social contract theory explains why societies have laws, but it doesn't explain whether an action is intrinsically moral or immoral. It was illegal for Rosa Parks to sit down on the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955... but that hardly makes her action immoral, since the law itself was unjust.

Just to clear up that misconception real quick: Rosa Parks did not sit in the front of the bus. Rosa Parks sat in the "Colored" section of the bus as she was supposed to. The white section of the bus was filled and a white man went into the colored section and told Parks to get up and give him her seat.

Rosa Parks obeyed the law--she was sitting where she was supposed to sit. She refused to give up her seat in the Colored section of the bus to a white man.
 
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DogmaHunter

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Just to clear up that misconception real quick: Rosa Parks did not sit in the front of the bus. Rosa Parks sat in the "Colored" section of the bus as she was supposed to. The white section of the bus was filled and a white man went into the colored section and told Parks to get up and give him her seat.

Rosa Parks obeyed the law--she was sitting where she was supposed to sit. She refused to give up her seat in the Colored section of the bus to a white man.

Wow, didn't know that.
I too was under the impression that it was Rosa sitting in the front!
I never bothered to look it up or read up on it... just what I heared (or think to remember to have heared).

Thanks for clearing that up!
 
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