Jase said:
John, there are civilizations older than 13,000 years.
There maybe no clear distinction as to what civilization is. But there are a lot of clear distinctions as to what change took place at the end of the last ice age. Clearly one world came to an end and another world began. Just like the GAP theory says.
For example, 20,000 years ago you do see art. But they had very few colors: Black from their fire, Red that comes from iron in the clay and white that comes from chalk. At least that is what has lasted this long. There is a big contrast between this and the color they used later on when the stone age came to an end. One color Purple came from an organism in the sea and it was a very expaneive color that only rich people could afford. So purple became associated with Royality & Kings. Even having leaders for large groups of people is a product of civilization and the prymids we see around the world are a result of this leadership and people working together toward a common goal.
What do we see at the dawn of civilization? We see pottery that has been baked in ovens. we see tin and cooper mixed together to make brass and simple weapons as well as art and items for cooking. We see animals being domesticated and we see the beginning of farming and the beginning of cities. These things become clear markers so when they find them, we know what they are and they can date them.
More than anything else, we see more people living together in one place at one time. If you were looking for one thing, this would be it. Before civilization you have groups of 30 or less people. When they got bigger than this, they would split into two seperate groups. This is true for man and the animals.
After civilization you start to see groups of people living together of 300 or more people. Up to this day when you can have as many as 12 million people living together in one city. In Hong Kong they get as many as 7 or 8 million visitors in one years time.
There is a very clear distinction between pre civilization and civilizaton. Written language is just a part of it.
Right now Çatalhöyük, Turkey is considered to be one of the oldest cities that they have found.