No, he didn't! And it's
definitely not a punishment from God!
Look at the passage in the Gospel of John (John 9), where Jesus heals a man born blind. This
specifically addresses the question you are asking:
As he passed by, he saw a man blind from birth. And his disciples asked him, “Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?” Jesus answered, “It was not that this man sinned, or his parents, but that the works of God might be displayed in him. We must work the works of him who sent me while it is day; night is coming, when no one can work. As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world.” Having said these things, he spit on the ground and made mud with the saliva. Then he anointed the man's eyes with the mud and said to him, “Go, wash in the pool of Siloam” (which means Sent). So he went and washed and came back seeing.
Look too at the "thorn in the flesh" Paul talks about having (2 Corinthians 12):
Therefore, so that I would not become arrogant, a thorn in the flesh was given to me, a messenger of Satan to trouble me—so that I would not become arrogant. I asked the Lord three times about this, that it would depart from me. But he said to me, “My grace is enough for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.” So then, I will boast most gladly about my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may reside in me. Therefore I am content with weaknesses, with insults, with troubles, with persecutions and difficulties for the sake of Christ, for whenever I am weak, then I am strong.
Having Asperger's can be a burden -- but it can also be an opportunity for God's grace to manifest in you, and for His power to be made perfect in your weakness. I truly believe that having Asperger's is
not a disability -- you are
not broken -- but you are different, and may have unique struggles -- but we
all have struggles, that He gives us His grace to overcome.
(Hi, pleased to meet you. My brother has Asperger's too.
)