“Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all men unto justification of life. For as by one man’s disobedience many were made [Greek = considered] sinners, so by the obedience of one shall many be made [Greek = considered] righteous.” (Romans 5:18–19)
The End Results of Adam & Christ's Actions
Rom 5:18,19 Consequently, just as the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men, so also the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men. For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous.
Note Paul's usage of the word "result". He's talking about the result, not the process. He's speaking by way of ellipsis with regards to the process. But what is the process, by implication?
ADAM'S SIN
leads to
A FALLEN HUMAN NATURE
leads to
PEOPLE SINNING
leads to
CONDEMNATION
But here he's simply pointing to the two ends speaking of the ultimate effect and not the process which led up to that effect.
The Augustinian heresy, as held by a number of sects of Christianity, came from a misinterpretation of these verses. Namely the idea that God holds people accountable for things over which they have no control. In this case they claim that God holds children accountable for the sins of their father, namely Adam. But as the Bible is clear that God is just and
"Children shall not be put to death for their fathers; each is to die for his own sin." Deut 24:16, therefore such an interpretation is unBiblical.
Calvinists largely discard God's judicial nature when interpreting the Bible rather than interpreting the Bible in light of God's judicial nature.
Classical Calvinists, like John Gill, hold to an Augustinian theory. Note how he interprets these verses,
"though the posterity of Adam are habitually sinners, that is, derive corrupt nature from Adam, yet this is not meant here; but that they are become guilty, through the imputation of his sin to them; for it is by the disobedience of another they are made sinners, which must be by the imputation of that disobedience to them; he sinned, and they sinned in him, when they had as yet no actual existence; which could be no other way, than by imputation, as he was reckoned and accounted their head and representative, and they reckoned and accounted in him, and so have sinned in him."
Thus such people hold that God holds people accountable for things of which they hadn't actually done wrong, things of which they had no control over, things that occurred even before they were born. That is not justice. That is prejudice. That is injustice. And consequently such a view is anti-Biblical, anti-Christlike. Not only this but they interpret other passages to indicate that God imputes guilt to Christ, which is contrary to God's character.
"Have nothing to do with a false charge and do not put an innocent or honest person to death, for I will not acquit the guilty." Ex 23:7
"Acquitting the guilty and condemning the innocent— the LORD detests them both." Pr 17:15
As such,
God detests Calvinism. Consequently any interpretation which compromises God's judicial nature or any of God's character is to be discarded, and those who hold such interpretations to be discredited as those who portray a false image of God.
Made Sinners versus Made Righteous
The many being "made" sinners is speaking of the result, not the process. And note that he's not saying the God makes us sinners, but rather that through Adam's disobedience we ended up as sinners.
There are those who misinterpret Rom 5:18,19 to mean that a person is made into a sinner in the exact same way that a person is made righteous. Now the Bible teaches us that the way a person is made righteous is that he is first of all justified, forgiven of sin, through faith in the blood of Christ. Such a person is reckoned guiltless. Then, having been saved, and his destiny secure, for God
"set his seal of ownership on us, and put his Spirit in our hearts as a deposit, guaranteeing what is to come." 2Cor 5:5, the Holy Spirit then coerces him into doing what is right. Thus righteous behavior is characteristic of those born of God. In fact "
Anyone who does not do what is right is not a child of God" 1John 3:10a Because doing what is right is in the nature of those born of God.
But there are those who claim that people become sinners in a similar manner, namely God first reckons guilt to them and then gives them a sinful nature which leads to unrighteous behavior. That's like portraying God as reckoning guilt to the innocent and then putting them in jail so that the environment there would cause them to become bad people. Obviously such a portrayal makes God out to be unjust, and indeed they will admit that in their theology
"God is unjust, in human terms". (In fact if God were unjust in this way then Christ wouldn't have had to die. For Christ's death appeased God's judicial nature. But if God reckoned guilt prejudicially, he could have just as well forgiven sin prejudicially, without having to appease his judicial nature if indeed he had no judicial nature to begin with. The Augustinian heresy denigrates God's character.)
Rather the process goes like this:
Adam past down a sinful nature
People are guilty when they comply with that nature
Having then sinned, they are condemned
Christ died for sins.
When they come to faith in Christ, people are forgiven of sin
Having been justified, they are born of God, given the Holy Spirit
The new nature coerces them into righteous living.
So while Paul was making an analogy between the end effects of what Adam did to what Christ did, how each led to the end effect was different. Thus one should not read too much into these verses of how these end effects came about. Among the hermeneutical errors Calvinists make in this whole section is to take it out of the context of what Paul had already stated in the first four and a half chapters of Romans, and to read too much into the analogy Paul is making without interpreting it in light of God's character.