The gospel went out to the Gentiles in Paul's day and some of the Jews who had previously been broken off in Paul's day were provoked to jealousy and they too became saved. The very Jews who you think were blinded until death in Paul's day were among those who Paul wished to help save and that he said the Gentile believers should try to provoke to jealousy so that they would want to be saved, too. Your lack of understanding the following passage is a big reason why you don't understand the rest of Romans 11.
Romans 11:10 Let their eyes be darkened, that they may not see, and bow down their back alway. 11 I say then, Have they stumbled that they should fall? God forbid: but rather through their fall salvation is come unto the Gentiles, for to provoke them to jealousy. 12 Now if the fall of them be the riches of the world, and the diminishing of them the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fulness? 13 For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office: 14 If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh, and might save some of them.
What you miss is those Jews only stumbled in that day but did not fall. You falsely postpone the salvation of those who Paul and the Gentiles were trying to save in his day.
Can you see in verse 14 that Paul was referencing the very people he mentioned in verse 10 and that he wanted to help "save some of them"? Can you see how that contradicts your understanding of what he was teaching in Romans 11?
Later in the chapter Paul again spoke about those who were blinded in his day and said this regarding them:
Romans 11:20 Well; because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou standest by faith. Be not highminded, but fear: 21 For if God spared not the natural branches, take heed lest he also spare not thee. 22 Behold therefore the goodness and severity of God: on them which fell, severity; but toward thee, goodness, if thou continue in his goodness: otherwise thou also shalt be cut off. 23 And they also, if they abide not still in unbelief, shall be grafted in: for God is able to graft them in again.
Paul was not speaking about the distant future here. He was saying that the ones who were blinded in his day "were broken off" and that was "because of unbelief". And then after indicating that the Gentiles in his day were grafted in by faith, he warned that they too could be cut off because of unbelief. And then he said that the Israelites who were broken off, if they believed, would be grafted back in. So, it was only a temporary blinding of some of the Jews that occurred back then while the gospel was preached to the Gentiles and then the Gentiles, in turn, preached to those Israelites so that they too could be saved.