"I find this verse interesting. "lest there be any fornicator or profane person like Esau, who for one morsel of food sold his birthright."
Its states here that Esau was a fornicator and a profane person. So in essence he gave away his birthright for food. When you sell something you are giving it away for money. In Esau's case it was food. So really he gave away his birthright.
"As it is written, Jacob I have loved, but Esau I have hated".
So it was Esau and not Ishmael.
On where Esau grew just as Jacob did and was blessed - despite the birthright - one has to go back to the promise given to Rebekah when it came to the babies in her womb...
"The elder shall teach the younger"
Jacob taught Esau to serve. ....
For many read the text of scripture assuming that all of Esau must be hated by the Lord without qualification and claim that anyone of Esau is cursed...yet the scriptures note where even Esau learned to grow in his relationship with the Lord and his brother, whom he forgave for stealing his birthright/blessing and served humbly when they reconciled----and many of Esau's descendants also were used of the Lord. Moreover, Easu was not cursed fully as many assume and (as said earlier) one of the Sons of Esau (Caleb) was blessed, as were many others..more discussed in,
here and
here.
Edomites, interestingly enough, had a Covenant with the Lord that he honored. Some of this I've been realizing more and more after studying the Book of Genesis and seeing the line of Easu in action. For Issac's attempt to bless Esau in Genesis 27:1-45 was subverted by Rebekah, who favored Jacob and helped him recieve the blessing of the firstborn.....though that event only builds on the earlier incident where Esau sold his birthright to Jacob (Genesis 25:29-34) alongside confirming the earlier incident where the divine statement was made in Genesis 25:23 that the older will serve the younger.
Genesis 27:39-40 |
Full Chapter
Then Isaac his father answered and said to him, "Behold, away from the fertility of the earth shall be your dwelling, And away from the dew of heaven from above. "By your sword you shall live, And your brother you shall serve; But it shall come about when you become restless, That you will break his yoke from your neck."
(Genesis 27:39-40, NASB)
The blessing Issac gave to Easu in Genesis 27:39-40 may seem like a curse at first glance...but in many ways, it seems to be a blessing that is meant to be like a "counter-measure" toward his brother. It was much like a Consolation prize of sorts (i.e. an award given to those who do not win an event but are deserving of recognition). For although Jacob was given authority over his older twin brother, Isaac indicates/pronounces that Esau will eventually free himself from his brother's control....and later, Esau's descendants settle outside the Promised Land, to the east of the Jordan River, eventually taking control of Seir, which is later named "Edom"..as seen in Genesis 36:1-42 (I Chronicles 1:51-54), with the geneology of Easu. His sons and grandsons produced 14 chiefs, and a number of kings emerged from among Esau's descendants.
According to Genesis 27:39-40, Esau was given a blessing by his father (empowered through the Lord) that would ensure his survival. Essentially, according to the blessing, Esau would have no success tilling the ground or growing vineyards and so implies that he would likely live in the dessert areas of the land. On Esau and his descendants, the blessing of "living by his sword" is often seen as a negative---but in many ways, it was a positive since it was a warrior's blessing. He would truly live/have life by means of the sword...and his descendants may or may not prosper from the land, but they would not starve, as they would have the power to either hunt or take game from others.
As
another said best:
One of the key points in the blessing of Jacob is that he would be master of [his] brothers (Genesis 27:29, NASB). Isaac, who is apparently too far gone to figure out with which of his kids he is talking, must remember this element of the blessing, because his blessing of Esau includes such an acknowledgement.
The blessing also says that Esau and his descendents will live with some trying elements. In particular, they will not live on particularly fertile land, and that they will have to be warriors. This isnt all bad. First, the quality of Esaus (and Jacobs for that matter) is never mentioned. Happiness is not the concern of this blessing, but rather material success. Ability, likewise, is not mentioned. So, Esaus father has not cursed him to unhappiness; I could say that he has rather blessed Esau with an alternative. Life will have some difficulties, son, but you can thrive in this situation. For Esau, survival by sword, instead of agriculture, might well be a blessing.
But theres yet one more huge element. It shall come about, says Isaac, when you become restless, That you will break his yoke from your neck. Life, yes, will be full of challenges. Subject of your younger brother, your success will not be as easy. And, yes, you will even accept this for a time. But only for a time. Theres always the temptation to cry out How long? The Bible has several instances of this question. But theres also the hope that what Esau lost by his foolishness will be ultimately restored.
As seen in Deuteronomy 2:1-1-8, the nation of Edom--descended from Esau (Genesis 25:30, Genesis 32:3, Genesis 36:1)---were people whom the Lord warned Israel not to provoke due to the blood relationships through Esau. And the Lord told the Israelites directly that certain land was given strictly to Edom due to the covenant/kind of relationship they had with the Lord ( Genesis 36:8-10, )
Numbers 20:14-21 also gives more in-depth information....concerning how the the Edomite/Israelite relations often were one of tension, if not bitter hostility, as seen in how the Edomites denied passage through their land to Israel. At that time, apparently, they were afaid that the Israelities--known to be a great horde of people--would either attack them or devour their crops (Deuteronomy 2:4-5, Deuteronomy 2:3-5 / Deuteronomy 2 ) and thus they did not trust Israel's word.
And yet despite that, the Israelites were commanded not to attack/hate the Edomites:
Deuteronomy 23:7
Do not despise an Edomite, for the Edomites are related to you. Do not despise an Egyptian, because you resided as foreigners in their country.
Deuteronomy 23:6-8
Deuteronomy 2:5
Do not provoke them to war, for I will not give you any of their land, not even enough to put your foot on. I have given Esau the hill country of Seir as his own.
Deuteronomy 2:4-6 (
Nothing further is recorded of the Edomites in the Tanakh until their defeat by King Saul of Israel in the late 11th century BC ( 1 Samuel 14:46-48 ). 1 Samuel 21:6-8 mentions Doeg the Edomite , later seen in I Samuel 22:9-22....the man who betrayed David and killed the priests of Nob and committed an act that Saul's Israelite servants refused to do. David later spoke sharply against it in Psalm 52 when condeming Doeg for thinking of himself as a great hero in the deed he committed.
Forty years later King David and his general Joab defeated the Edomites in the "valley of salt", (probably near the Dead Sea) in 2 Samuel 8:12-14 and I Chronicles 18:12. It was at that time that an Edomite prince named Hadad escaped and fled to Egypt, and after David's death returned and tried to start a rebellion (I Kings 11:14-22), but failed and went to Syria. From that time Edom remained a vassal of Israel. David placed over the Edomites Israelite governors or prefects, and this form of government seems to have continued under Solomon. When Israel divided into two kingdoms Edom became a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah. I Kings 22:47 is a great place to go for further information on the issue. In the time of Jehoshaphat (c. 914 BC) the Tanakh mentions a king of Edom ( II Kings 3:7-9 ), who was probably an Israelite appointed by the King of Judah. It also states that the inhabitants of Mount Seir invaded Judea in conjunction with Ammon and Moab, and that the invaders turned against one another and were all destroyed. Edom revolted against Jehoram and elected a king of its own. Amaziah attacked and defeated the Edomites, seizing Selah, but the Israelites never subdued Edom completely. 2 Kings 8:20-22 and 2 Kings 16:5-7 is also a place where one can go for further information. As it turns out, the Edomites aided the enemies of Israel in conquering them in the time they were in rebellion ( 2 Chronicles 28:16-18 , Psalm 137:6-8 )---and the prophets spoke out against Edom ( Isaiah 21:10-12, Isaiah 34:8-10 , Jeremiah 49:16-18 , Ezekiel 25:11-13 , Ezekiel 35:14-15, Ezekiel 36:4-6 , Joel 3:18-20, Amos 1:10-12, Amos 2:1-3, Obadiah 1:7-9, Malachi 1:1-5 )
But in the Lord's disciplining of Edom, it doesn't seem to say that all Edomites were forever wiped out. The viewpoint noted by many is that they became the Idumeans, who later were absorbed into much of the other cultures. According to Josephus (Antiquities XIII, 9, 1), the
Hasmonean John Hyrcanus (Hyrcanus I) "conquered in Idumea the cities of Adora [Adoraim] and Marisa [Maresha] and subjected all the Idumeans [Edomites]. He allowed them to stay in the land, however, if they were willing to introduce circumcision and live by the other Jewish laws. In truth, out of love for their homeland they accepted circumcision with the other Jewish customs and were henceforth likewise Jewish."
This account has lately been qualified by
Peter Richardson, pp. 54-62, following
Aryeh Kasher, pp. 46-78: the Edomites already performed circumcision on their own, but indeed the cities of Adora and Marisa had become so thoroughly hellenized that their citizens had given up the practice. Josephus's account applies to these cities only. There are indications in Strabo and Ptolemy that Idumea was peacefully annexed by Hyrcanus. Many Idumeans (already circumcised) accepted Judaism voluntarily (partly, perhaps, in response to the missionary fervor of the Hasmonean revivalists), while others kept their old religion without leaving. Among the converts was a man who would be Herod's paternal grandfather. The descendants of the converts were caught, it would seem, between two identities. Josephus reports on Costobar, Herod's brother in law (the name is constructed with that of Cos, the chief Edomite God). Descended from priests of Cos, he hoped to lead his fellow Idumeans to independence from the Jews and Jewish customs. On the other hand, Josephus also reports on Idumeans who gave strong support to their fellow Jews in the first revolt against Rome. ...
more here.
As it concerns other descendants of Edom/Easu were blessed, it can be problematic for one to make sweeping statements as if everything of Esau was automatically a bad thing. For a good read, one can investigate
The Edomites: their history as gathered from the Holy Scriptures ...