From pentecost to Cornelius's were all physical descendants from the 12 tribes of Israel who became the Church. In your view, are these the ones who inherit the land or do you believe that they who rejected God's gift of grace and murdered His Son are the one's who inherit the land?
Not sure how this relates. Should we not be looking at the OT when the promise was given, to who and for how long? would not this answer all our questions?
1. The gift was given to all descendants, (gen 12: 7, 13: 5, 15: 13-18, 17:8, 24: 7 26: 3-4, 28: 4, 13, 35:12, 48: 4, 33: 1 and I can go on and on and on how many times it is promised, or mentioned throughout the OT.
2. The gift, being eternal, later through moses, a law was given for the to obey if they wanted to ENJOY or USE their gift. Failure to live up to these demands would cause God to punish, up to the point where if it got so bad, he would destroy the city, the temple. and foreigners would enslave them up to the point where they were completely removed from the land. (lev 26) these promises were accomplished because of Israels disobedience by Babylon and rome (ad 70)
so to your questions,
1. Does the land belong to those Jews who believed? Yes
2. Does it belong to the unbelieving Jews? Yes
3. Were they, or really, any Jew enjoying their land from the time of Babylon until Christ? No. They were slaves to 4 Gentile kingdoms, or as Daniel called them, Beasts. Because they were being punished for unbelief. the final punishment being in AD 70 when Rome did the ultimate for the first time, and scattered ALL ISRAEL to the ends of the earth, of which they still are today (Last I heard, there were more people claiming to be Jewish in the US than their are in what is termed modern day Israel)
think of it like this, If your parents give you this great gift (say like a car) and makes a demand you obey them while you have it, If you disobey and they take the car away so you can not use it as punishment, And in turn, they will allow someone else to use it. The car is still yours, You just can not use it or be blessed by it, If you repent, and change, you get your car back.
It is about the same with the land, God Gave it to Israel, He said if they obey him, he will allow them to use it, and they will be blessed, If they disobey, He will take some privileges away, each time they continue to obey, he will punish them 7 times more, The ultimate punishment to be military defeat, and destruction of the thing they love (the city and temple) and while they are being punished, their enemy gets to enjoy their land. But of they repent (lev 26 again) God will remember his promise.
The land belongs to Abraham Issac and Jacob, By inheritance, it also belongs to their offspring.