Actually, they don't -- they depend on simple geometry.
So you're wrong right out of the gate.
I've had this argument with him before. It's fruitless. For his part, it comes down to "what I believe is correct", without presenting a shred of evidence to support it.
It's the "la la la" explanation.
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You really don't have a clue, do you? Nothing you said addresses my comment. Neither a star nor any other energy source can exist without time. Energy is produced by the transformation of matter over time.