These issues affect very few people. But if one wants to they will always find a way to obey, just like if one wants to find reasons not to.
Rabbi
Israel Lipschitz, in his commentary
Tiferet Yisrael, writes that in polar regions there is a 24-hour day, as evidenced by the fact that the sun rotates in the sky from a high point at noon to a low point near the horizon at midnight. He does not offer a means of measuring the passage of a 24-hour day during the polar winter when the sun is invisible.
[10] He advises that a Jewish traveler observe the beginning and end of the Sabbath based on the clock of the location whence he came. It is unclear whether this refers to his residence or his port of embarkation.
[11]
A result of this view is that two Jews who leave from different cities will always observe Shabbat on Saturday, but at different times. A Jew who leaves from America will observe the Sabbath according to the clock of his hometown, while a Jew from Europe will use the clock of his European hometown, which begins and ends Sabbath about five hours earlier than in the United States. Thus, there is no uniquely identifiable beginning and end of the day in the polar regions.
[12]
In the polar regions, such as in northern Sweden, where the
Midnight sun can be as long as two or three months out of a year (in the summer months), or where the sky is dark even at 2 o'clock PM (in the day) for several weeks during the winter, or what is called the
Polar night, the author of
Sefer Ha-brit (Article 4) asks the question, what shall a Jew do when he goes to either the North Pole or the South Pole where daylight is prolonged for as much as two to three months, and, particularly, when wanting to know at what hour he must begin observing the Sabbath day and religious holidays (days that are usually ushered-in at nightfall), or when he must begin his fast on
Yom Kippur? He there concludes with the answer that in those places where the day extends more than 24-hours, he is to divide the day equally into a 12-hour day and a 12-hour night, and thereby act according to this schedule, as if it had been truly night and truly day.
[13]
Modern living provides some unique situations where keeping the
Sabbath might have some questions. For example, keeping the
Sabbath in space and the polar regions of the
Earth like Alaska presents unique issues for
Sabbath keepers. In the north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, a single period of daylight can last for a month or more during the summer, and the night lasts for a similar length of time in the winter.
You might think “well, that doesn’t change a day being a 24-hour period.” However, it might change when the Sabbath starts. The
Bible says, “It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest… from even unto even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath” (
Leviticus 23:32). This means that the Sabbath should be kept from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.
Therefore, in the further regions of the
earth and in countries where the sun doesn’t go down like the Polar zone, the timing of the Sabbath should be adjusted to the International Date Line. Example: permitting local rest-day adjustment. And believers may determine the Sabbath by the longitude that are further south or further north depending on which Polar zone they are in.
Therefore, for those who live in Alaska, they can follow the time zone of Portland, Oregon. Thus, Sabbath keepers living in those areas can rely on the cycle of day and night in 24-hour periods. These periods are commonplace in most of the world.
God Understands
The Lord can understand the limitations of those that live in the extreme regions of the
earth. And He will take their best efforts to keep His Sabbath holy as adequate and acceptable when covered by the blood of His Son.
Jesus Himself said, “The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath” (
Mark 2:27).