HolyMary said:
CSmrw said:
If you live inside another person you have only the rights the host gives you. Everything else is candy.
An unborn child is not a parasite.
The medical literature and the biology of pregnancy contradicts your contention, HolyMary.....
Part 1-Why An Internal Pregnancy is Considered a Form of Parasitism
There is a common misconception that a parasite MUST be of a different species and always harms the host. As much as it may pain folks, the relationship between an embryo/fetus and the mother is a parasitic one and is so described in the medical literature. I will frame my arguments against an antichoice site that also tries to argue that the fetus isn't a parasite.
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From THIS ANTI-CHOICE SITE)
1.a) A parasite is defined as an organism of one species living in or on an organism of another species (a heterospecific relationship) and deriving its nourishment from the host (is metabolically dependent on the host). (See Cheng,T.C., General Parasitology, p. 7, 1973.
The pretense that the above definition is the only form of parasitism recognized is nothing more than an attempt to escape the unpleasant reality presented by an internal pregnancy...it IS a form of parasitism. Actually the above article is loaded with half truths (so typical of anti-choice sites), beginning with this definition.
What the writer of this piece doesn't tell you is that the above definition refers to the most common type of parasitic relationship, but is not the ONLY form of PARSITISM which is defined more generally as follows:
From PARASITES AND PARASITISM
Parasitism. Classical definition - intimate relationship between two organisms in which one (the parasite) lives on, off or at the expense of the other (host).
There are a number of different types of parasitism that are defined according to the the host/parasite interaction, so I recommend that readers consult this site to find out just what types of relationships there are. The bottom-line is that a well-adapted parasite shouldn't kill the host outright and does as little harm as possible (the longer the host lives the better for the parasite, even if death may eventually result). Also realize that parasitism is a very successful survival strategy and more than 50% of all species go through some parasitic stage during their lifetime (this word has a lot of unnecessarily pejorative baggage).
As a matter of FACT the medical profession DOES view an internal pregnancy as a form of parasitism as is EVIDENCED here:
From THIS SITE
Biology students often ask whether the developing embryo (and later the fetus) within the uterus is parasitic on its mother. Under a strict definition of symbiosis, the parasite and its host typically belong to different species.
However, under a general definition of a parasite, the embryo derives sustentance from the host (mother). Although the mother is not usually harmed, there are cases when the pregnancy causes serious (life threatening) complications. R. N. Nesse and G.C. Williams (Why We Get Sick, 1994) discuss the parasitic nature of the human fetus in their chapter on pregancy (pp. 197-200).
- The fetus (and placenta) secrete several potent hormones into the mother's blood stream in order to benefit itself at the expense of the mother's health. Human placental lactogen (hPL) ties up maternal insulin so that blood glucose levels rise and provide more glucose to the fetus. If the mother happens to be deficient in her production of glucose, this can cause gestational diabetes, possibly fatal to the mother.
- The placenta also makes several substances that can constrict arteries throughout the mother's body. High blood pressure during pregnancy is called preeclampsia when it gets severe enough to damage the kidneys.
- During the early stages of pregnancy, the developing placental tissue destroys uterine nerves and arteriolar muscles that adjust blood flow, and this makes the mother unable to reduce the flow of blood to the placenta.
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is another hormone secreted by the fetus. It binds to the mother's luteinizing receptors and stimulates the continued release of progesterone from the mother's ovaries. This hormone blocks menstruation and lets the fetus stay implanted on the wall of the uterus
(edited for easier reading)
And again from PARASITES AND PARASITISM
1. Parasitism is, like most other animal associations defined in terms of two different species, who form a regular association, although this seems sensible, and it does exclude consideration of the mammalian foetus as being parasitic upon its mother, there are some very interesting immunological parallels between the mechanisms the foetus uses to avoid being rejected by the immune response of its mother and the ways in which the parasites of mammals seek to avoid their hosts immune response.
As a matter of fact should the woman's immune system becomes "aware" of the pregnancy,
it can take steps to terminate the pregnancy (one of the reasons the risk of miscarriage increases with each pregnancy..the woman's immune system becomes "sensitized" to fetal proteins. Also see
THIS ARTICLE for more general information about fetal cells in the maternal blood stream) and
HERE for more info on the pathology of miscarriage. A less extreme example of this sort of immune response against the embryo/fetus is
erythroblastosis fetalis. This is a severe anemia that develops in a fetus/infant because the mother produces antibodies (an immune response by the mother) that attack the fetus' red blood cells (RBCs). The antibodies are usually caused by Rh incompatibility between the mother’s blood type and that of the fetus (that is, the mother and baby have different blood types). This is because a small number of fetal cells (including RBCs) are transferred to the woman's blood.
This can also be as unfortunate for the woman as well as the fetus because fetal cells (known as microchimeras) transferred to the maternal bloodstream can provoke a autoimmune response directed against the woman, resulting in a crippling autoimmune disease known as
systemic sclerosis (PDF file). What is the bottom-line for mentioning this? It underscores the FACT that the woman's body treats the fetus as a parasite/invader, should her immune system become "aware" of it's presence.
More on the fact that in medical terms, a pregnancy qualifies as a form of parasitism can be seen here in the the pre-eminent Obs/Gyn textbook in North America, Williams Obstetrics, from in Chapter 1 (2):
In pregnant women with profound iron-deficiency anemia, for example, the iron stores of the fetus are normal; in pregnant women with severe folic acid deficiency causing severe anemia, the fetal hematocrit is normal. Fetal villious syncytiotrophoblast is remarkably efficient in extracting and sequestering essential nutrients from maternal circulation. The fetus is a demanding and efficient parasite! Thus..the demands of the embryo are met at whatever cost to the maternal organism.
If you read the literature of medical professionals in the area of fetal/maternal nutrition, the way the fetus acquires nutrients from the mother is routinely referred to a "fetal parasitism". Here is an article that illustrates this common usage:
Supplement: Nutrition as a Preventive Strategy against Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
The Risk of Maternal Nutritional Depletion and Poor Outcomes Increases in Early or Closely Spaced Pregnancies
Also remember that before the turn of the 20th century, the leading cause of death for a woman was death during childbirth and/or as the result of disablility associated with repeated, uncontrolled pregnancies/miscarriages (average lifespan of woman was 46 years as opposed to 49 years for a man). This is a classic outcome of a harmful parasitic relationship (a parasite may not kill the host outright, but more often debilitates the host in some way). I notice that this article completely glosses over this fact. Some of the harmful effects of pregnancy: (credit goes to PK and cc from ProChoice Talk for compiling these lists)
Normal, frequent or expected temporary side effects:
- exhaustion (weariness common from first weeks)
- altered appetite and senses of taste and smell
- nausea and vomiting (50% of women, first trimester)
- heartburn and indigestion
- constipation
- weight gain
- dizziness and light-headedness
- bloating, swelling, fluid retention
- hemmorhoids
- abdominal cramps
- yeast infections
- congested, bloody nose
- acne and mild skin disorders
- skin discoloration (chloasma, face and abdomen)
- mild to severe backache and strain
- increased headaches
- difficulty sleeping, and discomfort while sleeping
- increased urination and incontinence
- bleeding gums
- pica
- breast pain and discharge
- swelling of joints, leg cramps, joint pain
- difficulty sitting, standing in later pregnancy
- inability to take regular medications
- shortness of breath
- higher blood pressure
- hair loss
- tendency to anemia
- curtailment of ability to participate in some sports and activities
- infection including from serious and potentially fatal disease (pregnant women are immune suppressed compared with non-pregnant women, and are more susceptible to fungal and certain other diseases)
- extreme pain on delivery
- hormonal mood changes, including normal post-partum depression
- continued post-partum exhaustion and recovery period (exacerbated if a c-section -- major surgery is required, sometimes taking up to a full year to fully recover)
Here are normal, expectable, or frequent permanent side effects:
- stretch marks (worse in younger women)
- loose skin
- permanent weight gain or redistribution
- abdominal and vaginal muscle weakness
- pelvic floor disorder (occurring in as many as 35% of middle-aged former child-bearers and 50% of elderly former child-bearers, associated with urinary and rectal incontinence, discomfort and reduced quality of life)
- changes to breasts
- varicose veins
- scarring from episiotomy or c-section
- other permanent aesthetic changes to the body (all of these are downplayed by women, because the culture values youth and beauty)
- increased proclivity for hemmorhoids
- loss of dental and bone calcium (cavities and osteoporosis==> origin of the old saying "one baby, one tooth" or the loss of calcium cost the woman her dental health)
Here are occasional complications and side effects:
- hyperemesis gravidarum
- temporary and permanent injury to back
- severe scarring requiring later surgery (especially after additional pregnancies)
- dropped (prolapsed) uterus (especially after additional pregnancies, and other pelvic floor weaknesses---11% of women, including cystocele, rectocele, and enterocele)
- pre-eclampsia (edema and hypertension, the most common complication of pregnancy, associated with eclampsia, and affecting 7 - 10% of pregnancies)
- eclampsia (convulsions, coma during pregnancy or labor, high risk of death)
- gestational diabetes
- placenta previa
- anemia (which can be life-threatening)
- thrombocytopenic purpura
- severe cramping
- embolism (blood clots)
- medical disability requiring full bed rest (frequently ordered during part of many pregnancies varying from days to months for health of either mother or baby)
- torn abdominal muscles
- mitral valve stenosis (most common cardiac complication)
- serious infection and disease (e.g. increased risk of tuberculosis)
- hormonal imbalance
- ectopic pregnancy (risk of death)
- broken bones (ribcage, "tail bone")
- hemorrhage and
- numerous other complications of delivery
- refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease
- aggravation of pre-pregnancy diseases and conditions (e.g. epilepsy is present in .5% of pregnant women, and the pregnancy alters drug metabolism and treatment prospects all the while it increases the number and frequency of seizures)
- severe post-partum depression and psychosis
- research now indicates a possible link between ovarian cancer and female fertility treatments, including "egg harvesting" from infertile women and donors
- research also now indicates correlations between lower breast cancer survival rates and proximity in time to onset of cancer of last pregnancy
- research also indicates a correlation between having six or more pregnancies and a risk of coronary and cardiovascular disease
Here are some less common (and serious) complications
- peripartum cardiomyopathy
- cardiopulmonary arrest
- magnesium toxicity
- severe hypoxemia/acidosis
- massive embolism
- increased intracranial pressure, brainstem infarction
- molar pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease (like a pregnancy-induced cancer)
- malignant arrhythmia
- circulatory collapse
- placental abruption
- obstetric fistula
Here are a few more permanent side effects:
- future infertility
- permanent disability
- death.
The above is not an exhaustive listing, but you should get the idea. Biologically, the fetus does have a parasitic relationship with the woman whether you like it or not. It is our misfortune that the continuation of our species (and that of many others) is necessitated by this form of parasitism. This unpleasant biological fact is something that many people can't face, preferring into instead to just pretend that it doesn't exist and/or cloak the facts in what I call "every baby a Gerber baby" (pregnancy is so wonderful, a woman's duty/function in life, babies are God's gift, yadah, yadah) imagery.
Let's examine
THIS ANTI-CHOICE SITE'S LIST is more detail and show just how dishonest (half-truths, statements out-of-context) most of these statements are (continued in Part 2)