Okay, now I'm seeing your arguments and I find them very tasty . . . However, I still need some convincing. Let me start with your typology . . .
First, Daniel lived during a state exile of Israel and anticipation of restoration. Daniel was longing for this moment. We live in a state of implementation of the established Kingdom of God. There is a difference.
It is true, but we also live in a state of exile as we wait for the establishment of Zion (Hebrews 12:18-24). This is what Peter states in His first epistle . . .
1Pe 2:9 But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for his own possession, that you may proclaim the excellencies of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light.
1Pe 2:10 Once you were not a people, but now you are God's people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.
1Pe 2:11 Beloved, I urge you as sojourners and exiles to abstain from the passions of the flesh, which wage war against your soul.
1Pe 2:12 Keep your conduct among the Gentiles honorable, so that when they speak against you as evildoers, they may see your good deeds and glorify God on the day of visitation.
1Pe 2:13 Be subject for the Lord's sake to every human institution, whether it be to the emperor as supreme,
1Pe 2:14 or to governors as sent by him to punish those who do evil and to praise those who do good.
1Pe 2:15 For this is the will of God, that by doing good you should put to silence the ignorance of foolish people.
1Pe 2:16 Live as people who are free, not using your freedom as a cover-up for evil, but living as servants of God.
1Pe 2:17 Honor everyone. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honor the emperor.
Again, in this verse where we are compared to exiles, we are told to honor the governors who are sent to punish those who do evil. This idea is one of the reasons I look to Daniel as an example of christians in government. Our particular nations are our particular babalyons and danial shows how a Christian can act in the government of Bablyon. According to Peter, we are exiles . . .
Some of these governors are the same ones who are throwing Christians in jail and dealing out persecution. I agree with most of your post, but it still doesn't answer the question of whether or not a Christian can take part in the government. It still needs to be dealt with why Paul or Peter do not command christians to stay out of the government, indeed, the Bible mentions soldiers and governors as part of the church (I'm pretty sure I'm not mistaken here). If Christians were not to be part of the givernment, i would think that Peter's, Paul's, or jesus' first command to them would be to leave the military or to abandon their post. But this is not what we see. And, in the case of an evil government, we see how danial defied its evil edicts and provided a witness.
Third, Paul was specifically speaking of Roman officials (and an implication to all other established authorities) who are currently in power. He was not addressing Christians (those of the Kingdom) with the intent for Christians to gain power in Roman kingdom or any kingdom of the world.
So, in response to this, as far as I can tell, Paul never excludes the possibility that some of these officals were Christians. Does this mean that when Constantine adopted Christianity he should have absolved his emporership?
Now understand this, a soldier centers his or her life around the army of that kingdom. When any kingdom of this world goes to war it has established that wrath is needed. Those who participate in that war participate in judgment of wrath. Those who take up arms against his brother says, I hold your sin accountable and will not allow you to repent because I will end your opportunity right now.
I agree, and the scriptures say that this is right for the government to enact this vengence. The question is, can Christians aid the government in its God given role? I think, because of the government officals and soldiers who were members of the church that were not rebuked, it seems that they were allowed to be part of the governments God ordained arm of vengence. And, if a soldier were a Christian in the Roman Army and were ordered to persecute christians, he would refuse and be persecuted with them, thus providing a witness. I think this primary gap needs an explination.