I have heard this argument many times before, however few, if any, of the tribulations in Revelation occurred during Nero's reign. How do you account for this?
Thanks and God bless you
It is my position that the Revelation was written decades after Nero's death, under the reign of Domitian (as per the witness of early Christian writers such as Irenaeus and Eusebius). I think the key point here is that the Beast suffers a fatal wound to the head but then comes back to life. After Nero's death, there was widespread rumor, speculation, etc that Nero would return or somehow be revived, what became known as the
Nero Redivivus legend. The Revelation is addressing this, at least in an implicit way, from a Christian perspective. The persecution under Nero was horrific, during Nero's reign Christians were rounded up and killed as a spectacle, apparently Nero even would take Christians, crucify them, cover them in tar and oil and set their bodies on fire to light up his imperial gardens at night. It was under Nero that many of the Apostles lost their lives, most notably both Peter and Paul suffered their martyr's death at the hands of Nero.
The point the Revelation is driving home is that the war against the Church which began under Nero was revived; Nero was "revived" during Domitian's reign. As we read in the opening chapters and the letters to the seven churches contained therein of the persecutions and sufferings of the churches (with the exception of Laodicea which because if its prosperous ease was not suffering, and thus leading them to complacency, becoming "lukewarm" even as their brothers and sisters elsewhere were struggling in tribulation).
Eusebius, in his History writes that after Nero's death, there wasn't much persecution. For example Vespasian and Titus took no quarrel against the Church, but that this changed when Domitian came to power. It was under Domitian that the cult of Caesar worship really began, with temples set up specifically dedicated to the worship of Vespasian and Titus, most prominently the Temple of Vespasian and Titus in the Roman Forum. Domitian was really the first to proclaim himself "lord and god" in official imperial documents. Things only intensified after Domitian's death and Trajan succeeded him, under Trajan is when Ignatius of Antioch was arrested and taken to Rome to face his martyr's death in the arena, during his imprisoned trip to Rome he wrote his seven letters. In the exchanges between Pliny and Trajan is when we see Pliny the Younger asking Trajan what to do with the Christians, saying that whenever one was found they were brought before the magistrate and told to recant, and if they did not recant they were put to death: Trajan affirmed this and said this is what should happen.
Persecution began with Nero, then subsided for a time, only to begin anew under Domitian, then Trajan, and it continued in different ways and forms, with differing levels of severity throughout the next two centuries. Then under Decius we see the use of the libellus, a certificate of loyalty, stating that one had made sacrifice to the gods and a token sacrifice to Caesar; which became the Decian Persecution as Christians refused to make sacrifice to the pagan gods or to offer worship to Caesar or his image. Things reached a boiling point after Decius when Diocletian became emperor, and there was truly open war against the saints of God. We read that the survivors of the persecution who met at Nicea for the Council were missing arms, legs, their tongue, ears, eyes--the marks of their suffering for Christ and His Gospel.
We absolutely do see massive amounts of tribulation, horrific tribulation, at the hands of Roman tyrants. And not just in Rome, even after the Edict of Toleration, persecution remained outside of the Roman Empire, among the Parthians. The Persian Church continued to suffer, as did the Church in many places to the East. It must be remembered that Church was widespread from very early on, making it as far as Western China by the 5th-7th centuries. And Christians there likewise suffered persecution. The Christian population in Central Asia would eventually dwindle as the Mongol successor states converted to Islam, even though originally the Khans afforded Christians religious tolerance.
And while the Church did become the official religion of the Roman Empire under Theodosius, and when the Germanic tribes converted to Christianity and their kingdoms were established in Western Europe, Christians no longer needed to face official persecution, it's not as though persecution outside of Europe ended. As the above illustrates. We can, for example, see the persecution of Christians in Japan which began under the Tokugawa Shogunate, which forced Japanese Christians underground for several centuries until Japan adopted a constitution which allowed religious freedom. Then in the 20th century we've seen despotic regimes take aim at Christians, or all religious people in general, with Christian minorities under the cross hairs. Such as under the Soviet Union and the Maoist regime in China. With the rise of far-right Islamic governments in the middle east, Christians again came under fire under Muslim governments. It is somewhat ironic that though Saddam Hussein was a wicked tyrant, Christians weren't specifically targeted, but with the Iraq War and the rise of extremist groups in Iraq millions of Christians either had to flee as refugees or else were put to death. And that's just within the last twenty years.
The Church has always faced tribulation at the hands of worldly powers. And it isn't until Christ returns, and all powers and principalities are made subject to Him, when Christ comes to judge the nations, to judge the living and the dead, that finally this world by the renewing of all things will be a place where justice and peace reside.
The Beast, Nero, or Domitian, or Diocletian, or whatever form of violence and power in whatever age and generation it shows up in, will always war against the Church. The Church will always be an alien people, a family of immigrants in a hostile and fallen world; bearing the cross and Gospel of Jesus Christ and the message of His love and peace in a world that put Him to death, and which (as our Lord Himself said) if it hated Him, it will hate His Church as well.
But that's why the chief message of the Revelation isn't tribulation, it isn't antichrists and beasts and babylons. It's the Revelation of Jesus Christ, of the Christ who stands in the midst of the lampstands--in the midst of His Church--holding the keys to death and hades, as the Risen Lord who has defeated sin, death, hell, and the devil. He is the Lamb of God who sits upon the Throne, at the right hand of God the Father, and all the powers of hell and all the schemes of man are rendered nothing compared to the hope that we have in Jesus Christ. For Christ is risen, and Christ now reigns, and Christ will come again. And "the kingdoms of this world have become the kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!" (Revelation 11:15)
For the Lord God Almighty reigns. Hallelujah!
-CryptoLutheran