Jewish thoughts on hell and eternal punishment.
Jewish Encyclopedia- GEHENNA By : Kaufmann Kohler Ludwig Blau
Nature and Situation.
The place where children were sacrificed to the god Moloch was originally in the "valley of the son of Hinnom," to the south of Jerusalem (Josh. xv. 8, passim; II Kings xxiii. 10; Jer. ii. 23; vii. 31-32; xix. 6, 13-14). For this reason
the valley was deemed to be accursed, and "Gehenna" therefore soon became a figurative equivalent for "hell." Hell, like paradise, was created by God (Sotah 22a); according to Gen. R. ix. 9, the words "very good" in Gen. i. 31 refer to hell; hence the latter must have been created on the sixth day. Yet opinions on this point vary. According to some sources, it was created on the second day; according to others, even before the world, only its fire being created on the second day (Gen. R. iv., end; Pes. 54a). The "fiery furnace" that Abraham saw (Gen. xv. 17, Hebr.) was Gehenna (Mek. xx. 18b, 71b; comp. Enoch, xcviii. 3, ciii. 8; Matt. xiii. 42, 50; 'Er. 19a, where the "fiery furnace" is also identified with the gate of Gehenna).
Because of the extent of Gehenna the sun, on setting in the evening, passes by it, and receives from it its own fire (evening glow; B. B. 84a). A fiery stream ("dinur") falls upon the head of the sinner in Gehenna (Hag. 13b). This is "the fire of the West, which every setting sun receives. I came to a fiery river, whose fire flows like water, and which empties into a large sea in the West" (Enoch, xvii. 4-6). Hell here is described exactly as in the Talmud. The Persians believed that glowing molten metal flowed under the feet of sinners (Schwally, "Das Leben nach dem Tode," p. 145, Giessen, 1892). The waters of the warm springs of Tiberias are heated while flowing past Gehenna (Shab. 39a). The fire of Gehenna never goes out (Tosef., Ber. 6, 7; Mark ix. 43 et seq.; Matt. xviii. 8, xxv. 41; comp. Schwally, l.c. p. 176); there is always plenty of wood there (Men. 100a). This fire is sixty times as hot as any earthly fire (Ber. 57b). There is a smell of sulfur in Gehenna (Enoch, lxvii. 6). This agrees with the Greek idea of hell (Lucian, Αληθεῖς Ιστορίαι, i. 29, in Dietrich, "Abraxas," p. 36). The sulfurous smell of the Tiberian medicinal springs was ascribed to their connection with Gehenna. In Isa. lxvi. 16, 24
it is said that God judges by means of fire. Gehenna is dark in spite of the immense masses of fire; it is like night (Yeb. 109b; comp. Job x. 22).
It is assumed that there is an angel-prince in charge of Gehenna. He says to God: "Put everything into my sea; nourish me with the seed of Seth; I am hungry." But God refuses his request, telling him to take the heathen peoples (Shab. 104).
God says to the angel-prince: "I punish the slanderers from above, and I also punish them from below with glowing coals" ('Ar. 15b). The souls of the sons of Korah were burned, and the angel-prince gnashed his teeth at them on account of their flattery of Korah (Sanh. 52a). Gehenna cries: "Give me the heretics and the sinful [Roman] power" ('Ab. Zarah 17a).
Judgment.
It is assumed in general that sinners go to hell immediately after their death. The famous teacher Johanan b. Zakkai wept before his death because he did not know whether he would go to paradise or to hell (Ber. 28b). The pious go to paradise, and sinners to hell (B. M. 83b). To every individual is apportioned two shares, one in hell and one in paradise. At death, however, the righteous man's portion in hell is exchanged, so that he has two in heaven, while the reverse is true in the case of sinners (Ḥag. 15a). Hence it would have been better for the latter not to have lived at all (Yeb. 63b). They are cast into Gehenna to a depth commensurate with their sinfulness. They say:
"Lord of the world, Thou hast done well; Paradise for the pious, Gehenna for the wicked" ('Er. 19a).
There are three categories of men; the wholly pious and the arch-sinners are not purified, but only those between these two classes (Ab. R. N. 41). A similar view is expressed in the Babylonian Talmud, which adds that those who have sinned themselves but have not led others into sin remain for twelve months in Gehenna; "after twelve months their bodies are destroyed, their souls are burned, and the wind strews the ashes under the feet of the pious. But as regards the heretics, etc., and Jeroboam, Nebat's son, hell shall pass away, but they shall not pass away" (R. H. 17a; comp. Shab. 33b). All that descend into Gehenna shall come up again, with the exception of three classes of men: those who have committed adultery, or shamed their neighbors, or vilified them (B. M. 58b). The felicity of the pious in paradise excites the wrath of the sinners who behold it when they come from hell (Lev. R. xxxii.). The Book of Enoch (xxvii. 3, xlviii. 9, lxii. 12) paraphrases this thought by saying that the pious rejoice in the pains of hell suffered by the sinners. Abraham takes the damned to his bosom ('Er. 19a; comp. Luke xvi. 19-31). The fire of Gehenna does not touch the Jewish sinners because they confess their sins before the gates of hell and return to God ('Er. 19a). As mentioned above, heretics and the Roman oppressors go to Gehenna, and the same fate awaits the Persians, the oppressors of the Babylonian Jews (Ber. 8b).
When Nebuchadnezzar descended into hell, all its inhabitants were afraid that he was coming to rule over them (Shab. 149a; comp. Isa. xiv. 9-10). The Book of Enoch also says that it is chiefly the heathen who are to be cast into the fiery pool on the Day of Judgment (x. 6, xci. 9, et al.).
"The Lord, the Almighty, will punish them on the Day of Judgment by putting fire and worms into their flesh, so that they cry out with pain unto all eternity" (Judith xvi. 17).
The sinners in Gehenna will be filled with pain when God puts back the souls into the dead bodies on the Day of Judgment, according to Isa. xxxiii. 11 (Sanh. 108b). Enoch also holds (xlviii. 9) that the sinners will disappear like chaff before the faces of the elect. There will be no Gehenna in the future world, however, for God will take the sun out of its case, and it will heal the pious with its rays and will punish the sinners (Ned. 8b)
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The definition of [size=+1]
שאל[/size]/
sheol from the world renowned
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Old Testament.
[size=+1]שְׁאוֹל[/size] [size=+1]שאל[/size] n.f. (appar. m.) Sheol, underworld 1. the underworld, [size=+1]תַּחְתִּית[/size] [size=+1]שׁ[/size], [size=+1]מִתַּחַת[/size]; under mts. and sea; and bars; personif. (||[size=+1]מות[/size]) as insatiable monster; as said (fig.) to have snares, [size=+1]שׁ[/size] [size=+1]חֶבְלֵי[/size] (opp. [size=+1]לְמָעְלָה[/size]) (v. supra); dark, gloomy, without return; all being alike; without work or knowledge or wisdom. 2. condition of righteous and wicked disting. In [size=+1]שׁ[/size]: a. wicked; death is their shepherd, without power and honour they waste away; [size=+1]שׁ[/size] consumes them as drought water; righteous dread it because no praise or presence of God there (as in temple); deliverance from it a blessing. b. righteous shall not be abandoned. 3. later distinction of places in [size=+1]שׁ[/size]: a. depths of [size=+1]שׁ[/size] for sensualist. 4. [size=+1]שׁ[/size] fig. of extreme degradation in sin; as place of exile for Israel.
[size=-1]Whitaker, R., Brown, F., Driver, S. (. R., & Briggs, C. A. (. A. 1997, c1906. The Abridged Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Old Testament : From A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament by Francis Brown, S.R. Driver and Charles Briggs, based on the Lexicon[/size]
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III [size=+1]עלם[/size] [size=+1]עולם[/size]. n.m. long duration, antiquity, futurity 1. of past time: a. ancient time: ymy olam days of old; am olam, ancient people; hrbwt olam, old waste places; ptkhy olam, ancient gates; mn (m)olam, from of old, of the fathers, the prophets, the ancient bhm olam: nplym, long in them. b. mty olam , the long dead. c. of God, molam : former acts; as redeemer; of love, judgment, dominion; long silence; his wisdom personif.; his existence. d. of things: gbawt olam, ancient hills. e. pl. awlmym shnwt, years of ancient times;almym, in olden times. 2. a. indef. futurity, c. prep.for ever, always (sts. = during the lifetime); abd awlm, slave for ever; abd lolam, serve for ever; galt olam, redemption at any time; hrt olam, ever pregnant (womb); klmt olam of persecutors of Jeremiah; shlwy olam, alway at ease; (yhyh) yhy lolam, may the king live always; so of the pious; other phr.; olam ashyrh, I will sing for ever (as long as I live); other emotions and activities continuous throught life. b. = continuous existence, (1) of things: the earth; other phr., heavens and contents, ruined cities, ruined lands; lad ad olam, for a witness for ever, in a book; (2) of nations: (Babylon loqu.); yshb lolam, of Judah; (3) families; the dynasty of Saul; house of Eli; (4) national relations: aybt olam, continual enmity; of exclusion from ad olam, qhl ylam; various relations; khrpt olam, perpetual reproach, of dynasty of David, families. c. of divine existence: hy holam; hy anky lolam; alhy olam; al olm; of divine name, zh shmy lolam; blessing and praise of it; of YHWH himself; attributes, ahbh; reign; presence in Zion; his salvation; zrat olam, everlasting arms. d. of Gods covenant: bryt olam, everlasting covenant; covenant with Noah, ld r t olam 5; God remembers it; will not break it, lolam. e. of Gods laws; temple to bear Gods name, ad olam; consecrated; its ceremonies; Levit. priesthood; Aaronic priesthood. f. of Gods promises: his word, yqwm lolam; promised dynasty of David; of holy land; given lolam, inherited lolam; dwelt in ad olam; other blessings; Jerus. to abide lolam . g. of relations between God and his people, lolam. h. of Messianic dynasty and king: (l)olam; having divine throne; name endures; established; God blesses him; of his reign. i. = indefinite, unending future: live hwbyaym hlolam yhyw lolam, the prophets, can they live for ever?; c. neg. never. j. after death. k. = age (duration) of the world: at halm ntn blbm, the age of the world he hath set, etc. 1. pl. intens. everlastingness, eternity. m. special phr.: m(h)olam (w)ad (h)olam (mn) from everlasting to everlasting, of yolam; khsd yolam; benedictions; the land given; wad olam math, from now and for ever (i.e. as long as one lives); of peoples hope in God; dynasty of David; of Gods acts, words, etc.; v. further I. ad.
[size=-1]Whitaker, R., Brown, F., Driver, S. (. R., & Briggs, C. A. (. A. 1997, c1906. The Abridged Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew-English Lexicon of the Old Testament : From A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament by Francis Brown, S.R. Driver and Charles Briggs, based on the lexicon of Wilhelm Gesenius, 1833. Edited by Richard Whitaker (Princeton Theological Seminary). Text provided by Princeton Theological Seminary. (electronic ed.) . Logos Research Systems, Inc.: Oak Harbor WA.[/size]