None of the OT verses you cite were written to or are applicable to the NT assembly. Your post also cites the 10 commandments.
About 1/3 of the verses in the NT contain quotes or allusions to the OT, which the NT authors did thousands of times in order to establish that it supported what they were saying and in order to show that that they hadn't depart from it, so they certainly saw the OT as still being authoritative and relevant to the NT assembly.
OT Sabbath Observance, OT assembly/Israel & NT assembly/Body of Christ.
BTW: Not being under the Mosaic law covenant cut on Sinai. Doesn't mean NT assembly is void of law. The law pillars of the NT law are Faith & Love.
Faith and love is the foundation of the Mosaic Law, so if you have faith and love, then you have everything in the Mosaic Law. In Matthew 23:23, Jesus said that faith is one of the weightier matters of the Mosaic Law, so obedience to it is the way to have faith. If we have faith in God to correctly divide between right and wrong rather than leaning on our own understanding, then we will obey the Mosaic Law.
The Bible often uses the same terms to describe the nature of God as it does to describe the nature of God's law, such as with it being holy, righteous, and good, and it would not be accurate to describe it as such if it were not His instructions for how to express those aspects of His nature. When we express aspects of God's nature through our obedience to the Mosaic Law, then we are express our love for those aspects of His nature, which is why there are many verses in both the OT and the NT that connect our love for God with our obedience to His commandments. If we love God and our neighbor, then we won't commit adultery, idolatry theft, murder, rape, kidnapping, favoritism, and so forth for everything else God has commanded, which is why Jesus said in Matthew 22:36-40 that all of the other commandments hang on the greatest two, so they are all connected.
On Mt Sinai at the 1st Pentecost, when Moses give's the Law. The Nation of Israel is born. This is a covenant between God & Israel.
Gentiles were never a part of this law covenant: Rom 2:14 (A) For when the Gentiles, which have not the law (Eph 2:12)
In Exodus 12:38, there were was a mixed multitude that came up out of Egypt with the Israelites, so there were Gentiles at the foot of Sinai. In Joshua 8:33, Israel was inclusive of both the foreigner and the native born, so there have always been righteous Gentiles who have become followers of the God of Israel. Jews were in charge of copying and maintaining the Torah scrolls, so Jews had the law, and if a Gentile wanted to read one, then they had to go through a Jew in order to do it, though if you own a copy of the Bible, then you also have the law. Even if it were true that Gentiles were never part of the Mosaic Covenant, in Romans 2:14, Gentiles will by nature be doers of the law, so it doesn't make a difference. In Ephesians 2:19, everything said in Ephesians 2:12 is no longer true in that Gentiles are no longer strangers or aliens, but are now fellow citizens of Israel along with the saints in the household of God.
Ex 31:
16 Wherefore """the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath""", to observe the sabbath """throughout their generations""", for a perpetual covenant.
17 """It is a sign between me and the children of Israel""" for ever: for in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day he rested, and was refreshed.
(MY NOTE: Sabbath observance is between God & Israel. Gentiles were NEVER part of the Sinai law covenant w/God)
Not only were Gentiles included in Israel and the covenant, but in Isaiah 56:1-8, the Sabbath is clearly also for Gentiles. If we affirm the truth of what the Sabbath is a sign of, then we should live in a way that affirms that truth by keeping the Sabbath holy rather than a way that bears false witness against that truth by not keeping it holy.
Neh 9:
13 Thou camest down also upon mount Sinai, and spakest with them from heaven, and gavest them right judgments, and true laws, good statutes and commandments:
14 And madest known unto them thy holy sabbath, and commandedst them precepts, statutes, and laws, by the hand of Moses thy servant
(MY NOTE: These LAW statutes & commandments: were given to & BEGAN with Moses & Israel "NOT BEFORE" after the deliverance from Egypt. Read the verses prior to 13 & 14 for additional clarity)
There are many laws that were part of the Mosaic Law that were given prior to the deliverance from Egypt, so that is demonstrably false, such as in Genesis 39:9, Joseph knew that it was a sin to commit adultery. God's righteousness is eternal (Psalms 119:142), therefore all of God's righteous laws are also eternal (Psalms 119:160), so none of them began with Moses, but have existed for as long as God has been eternally righteous.
Deut 5:15 And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the LORD thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and by a stretched out arm: therefore the LORD thy God commanded thee to keep the sabbath day.
(MY NOTE: The Sabbath commandment came after the deliverance from Egypt. And was given only to the Nation of Israel)
In Genesis 2:2-3, God rested on the 7th day, blessed it, and made it holy, and what is holy to God should not be profaned by man, so we would still be obligated to keep it holy even if God had never commanded anyone to do that. If our goal is to be in God's image, then we should follow his example by resting as He rested (Hebrews 4:10).
Conclusion:
Sabbath observance did not precede the Law of Moses. God's requirement for ""Israel"" to keep the Sabbath does not exist until after the deliverance from Egyptian bondage. And NO gentiles are or was ever a part of the Sinai Law Covenant.
The Law is "a covenant" or "a legal agreement". The Israelites were required to obey it fully if they were to receive its benefits. Find its benefits Deut 28:3-14 & its penalties Deut 28:16-68
Ex 19:
5 Now therefore, if ye will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then ye shall be a peculiar treasure unto me above all people: for all the earth is mine:
6 And ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and an holy nation. These are the words which thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel.
7 And Moses came and called for the elders of the people, and laid before their faces all these words which the Lord commanded him.
8 And all the people answered together, and said, All that the Lord hath spoken we will do. And Moses returned the words of the people unto the Lord.
(MY NOTE: ALL the PEOPLE on Mt Sinai AGREE to do WHATEVER the LORD SAY'S. They don't even know WHAT the Lord told Moses & just agreed to. Additionally, Sermon on the Mount, Jesus puts the Law on steroids. By applying it to the thoughts & intents of the heart. Good luck keeping every thought & intent pure)
In Jeremiah 31:33, the New Covenant involves following the Torah, so it is for all of are under the New Covenant.
Paul explains the real purpose of the Law:
Gal:
19 It was added because of transgressions, till the seed should come to whom the promise was made
(NOTE: The law was in effect, (TIME SENSITIVE WORD >>>) ""Until""" the promised seed (Christ) should come. After that the law is to cease. (See Rom 10:4)
Christ did not go around with the message that the law had ended and that we need to stop repenting, but just the opposite, so Galatians 3:19 should not be interpreted as undermining everything that Jesus accomplished through his ministry. In Titus 2:11-14, it does not say that Jesus gave himself to free us from God's law, but in order to redeem us from all lawlessness and to purify for himself a people of his own possession who are zealous for doing good works, so becoming zealous for doing good works is the way to believe in what he accomplished through his ministry and the cross (Acts 21:20), while returning to the lawlessness that he gave himself to redeem us from is what would be rejecting everything he accomplished. In Acts 3:25-26, Jesus came in fulfillment of the promise to bless us by turning us from our wickedness, not by doing away with our need to turn from our wickedness.
In Exodus 33:13, Moses wanted God to be gracious to him by teaching him His way that he might know Him and Israel too, and in Matthew 7:23, Jesus said that he would tell those who are workers of lawlessness to depart from him because he never knew them, so knowing God and Jesus is the goal of the law, which is eternal life (John 17:3). In Romans 9:30-10:4, the Israelites had a zeal for God, but it was not based on knowing Him, so they failed to attain righteousness because they pursued the law as though righteousness were by works in an effort to establish their own instead of pursuing the law as though righteousness were by faith in Christ, for knowing Christ is the goal of the law for righteousness for everyone who has faith. In Romans 10:5-10, this faith references Deuteronomy 30:11-16 in regard to saying that God's law is not too difficult to obey, that the one who obeys it will attain life by it, in regard to what we are agreeing to obey when we confess that Jesus is Lord, and in regard to the way to believe that God raised him from the dead, so nothing in this passage has anything to do with Jesus ending God's law, but just the opposite.
23 Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed
24 Wherefore the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith
(MY NOTE: The law was a TEACHER to expose, condemn sin without mercy to death. So, people would understand they need rescue. Christ is the redeemer & His redemption is accessed thru FAITH (Rom 5:1-2)
25 But after that faith is come, we are no longer under a schoolmaster
(MY NOTE: The law's purpose is also revealed in Rom 3:19-20 as producing a consciousness of sin. Paul say's we wouldn't know what sin is except by the Law (Rom 7:7)
God's law brings us to Christ because it teaches us to know him, not so that we can reject everything he taught and accomplished through the cross and go back to living in sin. The way to have faith in God to divide between right and wrong instead of leaning on our own understanding is not by refusing to follow his law, but just the opposite. If you agree that we would not know what sin is if it were not for God's law and that we should refrain from doing what God has made know to be sin, then you should agree that we should obey God's law.
Matt 5:17 Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil.
(MY NOTE: Anyone claiming the law is still in effect. Is claiming Jesus failed at his mission. It was His Sinless God blood atoning payment/wage. That did in fact fulfill the law's sin requirement DEATH (Rom 6:23)
Jesus said he came not to abolish the law and he succeeded in that mission. He also said he came to fulfill the law and he also succeeded in that mission by spending his ministry teaching his followers how to correctly obey it by word and by example.
Sabbath observance ISN'T one of the commands the apostles felt was necessary to force on Gentile believers. SEE 2 the Council at Jerusalem posts above!
The Apostles called for Gentiles to repent from their sins, and God's law is how we know what sin is.
Find more help Rom 14:5, Acts 20:7, 1 Co 16:2 Gal 5:13.
Paul was not an enemy of God, so he should not be interpreted as speaking against obeying Him. However, the bottom line is that we must obey God rather than man, so we should be quicker to disregard everything that Paul said than to disregard anything that God has commanded. When God has commanded something and you think that Paul spoke against obeying what He has commanded, then you have a decision to make about who has the higher authority and which one to follow, as for me and my house, we will serve the Lord. In Deuteronomy 13:4-5, the way that God instructed His people to determine that someone is a false prophet who is not speaking for him was if they taught against obeying His law, so if Paul did as you suggest, then according to God we should regard him as being a false prophet.
Here’s what Paul had to say about the Sabbath in Colossians 2:17-18. Therefore, do not let anyone judge you by what you eat or drink, or with regard to a religious festival, a New Moon celebration or a Sabbath day.
These things were a shadow of the things that were to come. Christ is the light!
In Colossians 2:16-23, they were keeping God's holy days in obedience to His command in accordance with the example that Jesus set for us to follow, they were being judged by pagans who were teaching human traditions and precepts, self-made religion, asceticism, and severity to the body, and Paul was encouraging them not to let any man judge them and keep them from obeying God, so it is ironic when people try to use these verses to justify their refusal to obey God. Indeed, Christ is the light, sadly everything in your post was arguing in favor of rejecting that light:
Psalms 119:105 Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path.
