The modern creationism movement (along with the idea of taking every word of Genesis as literal history) actually didn't gain much traction until the mid 19th century, when a woman named Ellen White claimed to receive visions from God telling her as much. She would later go on to found the Seventh-Day Adventist movement. Not being SDA, I do not accept her as a prophet, or believe she had any kind of special spiritual insight.
Unlike many of the other SDA doctrines, like non-Trinitarianism, observation of Saturday as the Sabbath, and keeping Kosher, Biblical literalism became popular among other Christian denominations. I'd wager that many creationists don't know how and who really popularized these ideas.
Of course I'm not saying that there were no literalists before Mrs. White, but they were a minor fringe. Most Christians at the time viewed the first several chapters of Genesis as largely allegorical.