In every case, it is the religious Jews of Paul's Time he is speaking to.
Yes, so we should be looking at this from their point of view then to get a better understanding.
They are speaking about "works of the Law" "for Justification". Works of the Law the Pharisees, like their fathers, were still promoting.
Are there work's of the law that the people were to keep, and those of the priesthood? Do your see any distinction there (the vail divided the "one tabernacle")? Ex 26:6, 36:13
("parables of Herews for two covenants)
Ex 26:33 And thou shalt hang up the vail under the taches, that thou mayest bring in thither within the vail the ark of the testimony: and the vail shall
divide unto you between the holy place and the most holy. (earthly ministry/tabernacle vs heavenly ministry in the heavenly tabernacle) holy and then holy, holy. Two portions of inheritance to the firstborn, of which they have above their brethern.
IMO, I think this is important to understanding the mindset of the Pharisees. Both then, as well as now. They still claim to be a "priestly" people. Priesthood was very important both then, but especially now.
These were rebellious, disobedient, stiff-necked people who full well rejected the Commandments of God so they could keep their own traditions. And yet, they Justified themselves by sacrificing animals for 40 years in the wilderness,
This, IMO is where we should be looking. Likeness to those in the wilderness, as examples.
The over arching principals should be always kept in mind. "HEIRS" The 2 covenants are inheritances, and God is fulfilling those. The prized status of firstborn, as an heir as well needs to be in mind. That is what, at least for myself is sorely missing from this discussion.
Judaism, acknowledges the sin of the golden calf, denied them the priesthood. The priesthood was a very prized status, so prized it produced jealousy, over status of "holiness". see Korah's rebellion ( Nu. 16:3, "this whole congregation is holy, you sons take to much on yourselves") .
A kingdom of priests, a nation which is firstborn.
So the loss of the priesthood due to sin, how do you see that?
Is it temporary, permanant? Would it be considered to being "disinheriting' them form it? at this time the order of Aaron as high priest was in place. Since the burning bush he was called as an HIGHPRIEST. He was Moses mouthpiece to the people. No Levitical priests existed yet. These ended up ministering in the 1st tabernacle of the congregation.
After Israel sinned (the tribe of Levi did not) the other tribes were passed over (at the very least, for the priesthood). The Levites were taken instead, of the firstborn. They specifically are representing them, in the tabernacle (originally intended for the firstborn). A loss of status. A portion, but not double above their brethren.
Then when they refused to go in and take the land, in rebellion against Moses and God,
that generation was flat out "disinherited" from that the land as well.
So where would you, (even if you would) place these losses, likened to Ishmael?
Ishmael was blessed, because he was Abraham's seed, A great nation, 12 princes. Though not the heir with his son Isaac.
Priesthood is still an important position within Judaism. On what basis does Judaism call themselves a "PRIESTLY" people? It is very important to them. And it seems to me, among Messianic judaism as well.