Universalism has become a popular error, disappointingly backed by intellectuals who ought to know better, like David Bentley Hart, the author of the splendid Dawkins rebuttal, The Atheist Delusion. To the chagrin of traditional Eastern Orthodox Christians, a vocal minority of Orthodox priests have followed Dr. Hart into this error (or perhaps led him into it), however I would stress the vast majority of Orthodox known to me reject it.
However, it is important that we differentiate this error from a hope for apokatastasis, which is not inherently heretical provided it is merely hoped for, in the manner of St. Gregory of Nyssa, rather than believed to be inevitable. If one hopes everyone in the end repents and is saved, at the Last Judgement, I don’t see anything wrong with that, but if one believes everyone must be saved, this is a huge soteriological mistake.
Although
John Wesley is not on record as a universalist, he was greatly influenced by the Moravians, many of whom were universalists. He quoted from Sixteen Discourses (Moravian Literature), the following statement,
“By his (Christ’s) name, all can and shall obtain life and salvation.” One of Wesley’s intimate friends, Peter Bohler wrote:
“All the damned souls shall yet be brought up out of hell.” (Bohler was made the Bishop of American Moravians, next in rank to Zinzendorf).
The Reformer
Martin Luther had hope for all. In his letter to Hanseu Von Rechenberg in 1522, Luther wrote:
"God forbid that I should limit the time of acquiring faith to the present life. In the depth of the Divine mercy there may be opportunity to win it in the future." Bengel's book, Gnomon, quotes Luther's exposition of Hosea as accepting the idea that Christ appeared to souls of some who in the time of Noah had been unbelieving, that they might recognize that their sins were forgiven through His sacrifice.
... Since 1800 this situation has entirely changed, and no traditional doctrine has been so widely abandoned as that of eternal punishment. Its advocates among theologians today must be fewer than ever before.... Among the less conservative, universal salvation, either as hope or as dogma, is now so widely accepted that many theologians assume it virtually without argument." --
Richard J. Bauckham, lecturer in the history of Christian thought at the University of Manchester
Dr. J.I. Packer has noted that Universalism "has in this century quietly become part of the orthodoxy of many Christian thinkers and groups."
D. B. Eller asserts in the Evangelical Dictionary of Theology that it is clear that "Universalism, in a variety of forms, continues to have appeal for contemporary faith, in both liberal and conservative circles."
"We have not an impotent Father, or a disappointed Christ, or a defeated Holy Ghost, as is so commonly preached; but an omnipotent Father, and all-victorious Christ, and an almighty Holy Spirit, able to break the hardest of heart and subdue the stoutest will."
Dr. E.W. Bullinger, The Companion Bible