I don't remember what I said exactly, but this is what I was referring to, an excerpt from the AIG article "What are Kinds in Genesis?" 4-16-2013, if you care to read it:
“Fixity of Species” and Changing Definitions
So what is the relationship between the
kinds and
species anyway? If one were to ask around to see what kind of definitions people have of the word
species [or
genus], most would respond by saying they have something to do with classification. In today’s society, the words
genus and
species are synonymous with the Linnaean taxonomy system.
In the early 1700s, if someone said something about a “species” or “genus,” it would have had nothing to do with classification systems. So why is this important today and what can we learn from it? The word
species, and its changing definition, were partly responsible for the compromise of the Church in late 1800s. In fact, the Church is still struggling over this change. Let’s do a brief history review.
Species: Origin and Meaning
The English word
species comes directly from Latin. For example, the Latin Vulgate (early Latin Bible translation), by Jerome around A.D. 400, says of
Genesis 1:21:
creavitque Deus cete grandia et omnem animam viventem atque motabilem quam produxerant aquae in species suas et omne volatile secundum genus suum et vidit Deus quod esset bonum [emphasis added].
Species is also found in the Latin version in
Genesis 1:24, 25 as well. The Latin basically meant the biblical “kind.” In fact, this word carried over into English (and other languages that have some Latin influence). It means a “kind, form, or sort.” Another word that was commonly used for a kind in the Latin Vulgate was
genus. This is evident in
Genesis 1:11, 12, and 21. In both cases, these two words (
species and
genus) were used for the Hebrew word
min or kind.
It made sense that Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish Christian, began using Latin terms for his new classification system. It was logical to use these common terms, which were a part of the commercial language throughout Europe (much in the way that English, for example, is seen as a universal language in the world today for communication and so on). Linnaeus even wrote his large treatise,
Systema Natvrae, and other findings, in Latin in the mid to late 1700s.
Early commentators recognized that species originally meant the biblical kinds, as even John Calvin, prominent reformer in the 1500s, stated in his notes on
Genesis 1:24:
I say, moreover, it is sufficient for the purpose of signifying the same thing, (1) that Moses declares animals were created “according to their species”: for this distribution carried with it something stable. It may even hence be inferred that the offspring of animals was included. For to what purpose do distinct species exist, unless that individuals, by their several kinds, may be multiplied?
Of course, Calvin originally wrote in Latin, but this early English translation by Thomas Tymme in 1578 still shows the point that the word
species was used to mean the biblical kind. Calvin is even pointing out stability or fixity (i.e., biblical kinds). Dr. John Gill, about the same time as Linnaeus, equates species and kinds in his note under
Genesis 1:22 by saying:
With a power to procreate their kind, and continue their species, as it is interpreted in the next clause;
saying, be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas.
Others, such as Basil, prior to the Latin Vulgate, discussed species as the biblical kind in the fourth century in his
Homilies on
Genesis 1. Matthew Henry, in the late 1600s and early 1700s, used species as kinds in his notes on
Genesis 2:3, saying there would be no new “species” created after creation week had completed. The list could continue. The point is that
species originally meant the biblical kind.
Species: A Change
Figure 6. Original definition of species: all dogs were one species.
After Linnaeus, both of these words (
species and
genus) were commonly used in modern biological classification systems with slightly different definitions. In the mid-to-late 1700s,
speciesbegan taking on a new, more specific definition in scientific circles as a biological term (that definition is still being debated even today). But, by and large, the definition had changed so that, instead of there being a dog
species (or dog kind), there were many dog
species.
In the common and Church sense, the word
species was still viewed as the biblical “kind.” But as the scientific term gained popularity, this led to a problem. When theologians and members of the Church said “fixity of species” (meaning fixity of the biblical kinds) people readily saw that there were variations among the
species (by the new definition). They thought,
But species
do change! Of course, no one ever showed something like a dog changing into something like a cat. Dogs were still dogs, cats were still cats, and so on.
However, a bait-and-switch fallacy had taken place. Christians were teaching fixity of species (kinds), but the definition of
species changed out from under them. So Christians looked ignorant when people began observing that species—by the
new definition—do change. Of course, in reality, this was merely variation within the created kinds. For example, dogs could be observed changing into something different—still dogs, but not looking like other “species” (by the new definition) of dogs. So it
appeared that the created kinds were becoming new species (new definition), even though the animals did not change into a different kind of animal. It appeared that the Church was wrong.
Perhaps the most influential critique of fixity of species came from Charles Darwin, whose book
On the Origin of Species tackled the misunderstood idea of
fixity of species (though it never used the term “fixity”). Mr. Darwin studied many creatures during his travels and realized there was variation and not
fixity of species (by the new definition).