Yes. Paul knew about the Lord's supper - his account in 1 Corinthians 11 was written before the Gospels, and so is the earliest we have. He quoted Jesus when he said that the latter commandments could be summed up in the phrase "love your neighbour as yourself. He knew at least one phrase of Jesus' that we don't have anywhere else - that it is more blessed to give than to receive.
Did he know all the parables? We don't know; it's possible that after the apostles accepted him, they filled him in on a few things. And it's not impossible that Paul was a Pharisee in Jerusalem when Jesus was preaching. That's just speculation and we are not told that they even met, but Paul could still have heard about Jesus and been told, or found out about, what he stood for.
Even after his conversion he claimed himself to be a Pharisee! A typical strategy of an opportunist!
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