I don't know if it's true, but I once heard that the only degree Darwin possessed was in theology
It seems odd to me that you are quite free in your quotes concerning what Darwin thought, yet appear to know so little about him. These brief notes I made some years ago for myself may help correct some of that.
1. The majority of naturalists in England in Darwin's time were ministers of the church. It was expected that one of the sons of any well to do family would acquire a living. These typically afforded much free time and these reverends indulged the Victorian interest in nature. (While Darwin's father intended he become a doctor, like himself and his brother, Darwin's distaste for the idea forced the alternative on him.)
2. From his childhood he was absorbed in nature. ("I was a born naturalist," he wrote.) He collected specimens (wildlife collection was a Victorian passion) and avidly read nature books.
3. Darwin's degree may have been in theology, but while at Cambridge he was exposed to the logically constructed writing of Paley (
Natural Theology) and the penetrating logic of Whewell (
Bridgewater Treatises). He was also taught botany by Professor J. S. Henslow, who was a cleric, and geology by Adam Sedgwick, who was a cleric. Being a cleric was almost a requirement for being a naturalist at that time!
4. "Darwin's letters and biographical notes give the impression that in Cambridge he devoted more time to collecting beetles, discussing geology and botany with his professors and hunting and riding with similarly inclined friends, than to his prescribed studies." (Ernst Mayr, in
One Long Argument Harvard University Press 1991)
5. "..when Darwin had completed his Cambridge years he was an accomplished young naturalist." (ibid.)
6. He then embarked on the Beagle for a voyage lasting five years, where he was exposed to more opportunities for research than many a Ph.D. student, opportunities which he seized and made full use of, as evidenced by the specimens he collected, the learned reports he wrote, and the novel concepts he brought to geology and biology.
A fitting summary of the man and his works was made by Alfred Wallace, the naturalist whose independent development of evolutionary theory prompted Darwin to publish his more extensive research. Wallace said this "[
Darwin's early works] great as each of them is separately, and, taken altogether, amazing as the production of one man, sink into insignificance as compared with the vast body of research and of thought of which the
Origin of Species is the brief epitome, and with which alone the name of Darwin is associated by the mass of educated men." (Natural Selection and Tropical Nature", London 1883.)