TOm before:
Before 300AD there were no strictly Trinitarians of the co-equal formulation. That is zero Christians who didnt subordinate Christ to Heavenly Father!
Pre-Nicea there were many men who were Arian. Post-Nicea it took quite a while before the world started to line up behind a Trinitarian structure denying semi-Arian positions.
Der Alter:
Both assertions are nonsense! Post your evidence and I will refute it. Pre-Nicea there was one bishop who taught Arianism, the one from which it gets it name, Arius, and his few followers.
TOm:
In a previous interaction, you posted that Theophilus was the first to mention the Trinity. I commented that Theophilus did not embrace the Trinity, he used a word that is translated Trias, and his writing points to the fact that he didnt strictly accept the divinity of Christ. And actually clearly made Him distinct from God (Newman, Arians of the 4th Century). Unless I missed your response, you didnt respond. I thought we agreed.
Concerning subordinationism, here are a few scholar comments.
Henry Bettenson, The Early Christian Fathers, p.330:
"'subordinationism'... was pre-Nicene orthodoxy."
The Achievement of Orthodoxy in the Fourth Century AD", in Williams, ed., The Making of Orthodoxy, p. 153 (a quote of Richard Hanson):
"Indeed, until Athanasius began writing, every single theologian, East and West, had postulated some form of Subordinationism. It could, about the year 300, have been described as a fixed part of catholic theology."
R.P.C. Hanson, Tradition in the Early Church, pp.244,245:
"Finally, what is Christian midrash(i.e. tradition)? What are its contents? Is it the Gnostic formulae of Ignatius? The angel-Christology of Hermas? ...or the economic Trinity of Irenaeus and Tertullian? The modalistic monarchianism of Callistus and Zephyrinus? The graded Trinity of Origen?"
John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine,(6th edition 1989) p. 17:
If we limit our view of the teaching of the Fathers by what they expressly state, St. Ignatius may be considered Patripassian, St. Justin arianizes, and St. Hippolytus is a Photinian... Tertullian is heterodox on the Lord's divinity... Origen is, at the very least suspected, and must be defended and explained rather than cited as a witness of orthodoxy; and Eusebius was a Semi-Arian.
TOm:
So Newman calls St. Justin an arian. He points to Theophilus as a seed for the arian beliefs.
The most critical thing that I wish to show is that pre-Nicea there was a subordinationism that did not exist after the 4th Century defined this view out of Christianity. This is well accepted by scholars.
Der Alter:
If there were so many Arians and Arianism was the correct doctrine. Why, at the end of the Nicaean council, were there only two dissenters who refused to sign the accords? Arius was one of them.
As I said in one post, above. Constantine did not rule at the council and did NOT force the council to do or accept anything. Constantine was NOT a Trinitarian, but an Arian. If Constantine wanted to force the church to do anything, it would have been Arianism.
Another fallacy of the argument that Constantine forced the church to accept the Trinity doctrine, or anything else. Constantine had ended the persecution of Christians. Until his reign Chrstians were arrested, tortured and killed, on a massive scale, because they would not deny Jesus and worship the emperor and their pagan idols. Many of the bishops who attended the Nicean council had been victims of that persecution.
It is absurd to assume that over 300 Christian leaders would meekly stand by and, without any objection, permit pagan practices to be incorporated into the church, when only a short time before they had resisted, at the peril of their own lives, that very thing.
TOm:
Constantine was not a Christian until close to the end of his life. I actually do not think he really cared who won the conflict. According to Boulenger, Constantine used Christianity to unify his empire. One thing is clear he called the council of Nicea and he financed it.
Here is one historians breakup of the council attendees.
Albers-Hedde, Manual dHistoire Eclesiatique, vol 1 p.153 (translated Barker):
The opinions (of the members of the Council) followed three directions: The Egyptians and the Occidentals defended the orthodox doctrine (Athanasian) Athanasius was the spokesman for Bishop Alexander of Alexandria; the majority of the Orientals (the moderate group) held for the divinity of Christ, but hesitated to recognize his perfet equality with the Father; about twenty adherents of Arius declared the Verb (Jesus) a simple creature.
Also, according to Mourret, both Eusibuis (there were two with the same name) had to intervene with Constantine to prevent him from taking measures again Arius. So I would be interested to see what your source say about Constantine being an Arian.
Der Alter said:
If there were so many Arians and Arianism was the correct doctrine.
TOm:
Actually it was the semi-Arians that were the majority. And I have never suggested that Arianism is a correct doctrine. I actually believe that this whole conflict resulted from the embracing of creation ex nihilo and the subsequent view that everything is either God or Creature. Without this error there would have been much less to quibble about.
Der Alter:
Constantine did not rule at the council and did NOT force the council to do or accept anything
TOm:
He called the Council.
According to Battifol in La Paix Constantinienne p. 319 This letter of Eusibuis throws a little light on the debate: the Council discussed the definition of faith in the presence of the Emperor, who asked the bishops to accept the omoousios, speaking first: after which, all bishops, after explaining themselves signed.
Battifol also says that the Eusebians (semi-Arian) signed under fear of exile (which can only be carried out by the Emperor.
I would be interested in seeing your evidence that Constantine was not a major player in this council. Remember the historian I have sited Battifol who is a Catholic so he would have no reason to see in history what he has put forth.
Der Alter:
Constantine was NOT a Trinitarian, but an Arian. If Constantine wanted to force the church to do anything, it would have been Arianism.
TOm:
Actually, Constantine was not even a Baptized Christian during Nicea. Also, my evidence suggested he actually was opposed to the Arians, but in truth I doubt he cared. Constantine was interested in a unifying force for his empire. Arian or non-Arian Christianity would be no different.
Please show your evidence that Constantine was Arian, and remember Mourret is Catholic so again he is not presenting a pro-Catholic position.
Der Alter:
Another fallacy of the argument that Constantine forced the church to accept the Trinity doctrine, or anything else. Constantine had ended the persecution of Christians. Until his reign Chrstians were arrested, tortured and killed, on a massive scale, because they would not deny Jesus and worship the emperor and their pagan idols. Many of the bishops who attended the Nicean council had been victims of that persecution.
TOm:
I do not follow your logic. I agree Constantine made Christianity acceptable, but what does this have to do with his support of Athanatius or Arius. Before Nicea both men were Christians, just not your type of Christian. Both sides and the more popular semi-Arian position were anti-pagan Christians. I am sure the persecution was felt on both sides of the fence. In fact, those persecuted Bishops would be unlikely to not sign something that Constantine spoke first to embrace. It seems that you have actually provided evidence that the Emperor would likely have the ability to coerce not that he didnt?
Der Alter:
It is absurd to assume that over 300 Christian leaders would meekly stand by and, without any objection, permit pagan practices to be incorporated into the church, when only a short time before they had resisted, at the peril of their own lives, that very thing.
TOm:
I have neither suggested that the Trinity is pagan (although I could if you would like only I do not believe this) nor that there were not objections. I have not even suggested that Athanasius position was inferior to Arius. The fact of the matter is that this was a dividing argument and Constantine didnt want division. He called a council. Bishops discussed and a position was put out, signed by almost all, likely under the overseeing gaze of the Emperor.
My point in favor of our non-Trinitarian friends is that history is not near so simple as many seem to think it was. If the Catholic Church had authority and the seal of the Holy Ghost, then all is well. But for those who deny this authority, scripture does not make the issue clear, and there was quite a bit of conflict.
BTW, the canon was decided by the victors after this historic decision so while all the books of the Bible existed by this time, the Bible as it is today didnt.
Again for clarity, I embrace the term Trinitarian. But I do not believe it proper to march out Theophilus and say he was the first Trinitarian (to use the term) because he was not. Also, the Catholic Church does not dogmatically use the term co-equal and when Protestants do this, they are following Athanasius in ways the Catholic Church doesnt. I believe the Social Trinitarian structure that I embrace with a clear subordinationism is much closer to the Ante-Nicene fathers than the Augustinian Trinitarian formula so common today.
Charity, TOm