Yekcidmij
Presbyterian, Polymath
- Feb 18, 2002
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Or can you show me the Israelites in the northern kingdom were never dispersed?
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If you're looking for Nothern Israelites that returned after the Assyrian exile of 721BC, rebuilt and never moved again there is at least some sembance of a candidate in the Samaritans living in the area. They were living in the land after the Assyrian conquest, they did rebuild, and they are still there. Many of them seem to have even been pursuaded in early Christianity that Jesus is the Messiah.
Sargon II records that the Assyrians preferred a policy of colonialization:
[the Samar]ians [who had agreed with a hostile king]...I fought with them and decisively defeated them]....carried off as spoil. 50 chariots for my royal force ...[the rest of them I settled in the midst of Assyria]....The Tamudi, Ibadidi, Marsimani and Hayappa, who live in distant Arabia, in the desert, who knew neither overseer nor commander, who never brought tribute to any king--with the help of Ashshur my lord, I defeated them. I deported the rest of them. I settled them in Samaria/Samerina.(Sargon II Inscriptions, COS 2.118A, p. 293)
The inhabitants of Samaria/Samerina, who agreed [and plotted] with a king [hostile to] me, not to do service and not to bring tribute [to Ashshur] and who did battle, I fought against them with the power of the great gods, my lords. I counted as spoil 27,280 people, together with their chariots, and gods, in which they trusted. I formed a unit with 200 of [their] chariots for my royal force. I settled the rest of them in the midst of Assyria. I repopulated Samaria/Samerina more than before. I brought into it people from countries conquered by my hands. I appointed my eunuch as governor over them. And I counted them as Assyrians.(Nimrud Prisms, COS 2.118D, pp. 295-296)
After Assyria conquers Israel and they colonize the area, they run into trouble.
2 Kings 17:24 The king of Assyria brought foreigners from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath, and Sepharvaim and settled them in the cities of Samaria in place of the Israelites. They took possession of Samaria and lived in its cities. 17:25 When they first moved in, they did not worship the Lord. So the Lord sent lions among them and the lions were killing them. 17:26 The king of Assyria was told, “The nations whom you deported and settled in the cities of Samaria do not know the requirements of the God of the land, so he has sent lions among them. They are killing the people because they do not know the requirements of the God of the land.” 17:27 So the king of Assyria ordered, “Take back one of the priests whom you deported from there. He must settle there and teach them the requirements of the God of the land.” 17:28 So one of the priests whom they had deported from Samaria went back and settled in Bethel. He taught them how to worship the Lord.
It seems to me that the Assyrians ran into trouble with the local population that still worshiped Yahweh, so they had to send priests back to placate the locals.
When the Babylonian exiles return to Judah, they are met by people still living there who claim to be worshiping Yahweh:
Ezra 4:1 When the enemies of Judah and Benjamin learned that the former exiles were building a temple for the Lord God of Israel, 4:2 they came to Zerubbabel and the leaders and said to them, “Let us help you build, for like you we seek your God and we have been sacrificing to him from the time of King Esarhaddon of Assyria, who brought us here.”
Nehemiah identifies their leader as Sanballat the Horonite, and if you know geography of the region, Horon is pretty much the foot of Mt Gerizim:
By the time of Ptolemy (3rd century BC), the Samaritans already had a temple in place:
Josephus Antiquities 13.3.4. Now it came to pass that the Alexandrian Jews, and those Samaritans who paid their worship to the temple that was built in the days of Alexander at Mount Gerizzim, did now make a sedition one against another, and disputed about their temples before Ptolemy himself; the Jews saying that, according to the laws of Moses, the temple was to be built at Jerusalem; and the Samaritans saying that it was to be built at Gerizzim.
Though Josephus places the rebuilding of their temple in the time of Alexander the Great (4th century BC) archeologists today think that the Samaritan temple on Gerizim dated back to the Persian period of the 5th century BC, which would be very close to the time of Sanballat's leadership. Based on Ezra and Nehemiah, it seems that Sanballat and the Samaritans were there in northern Israel and were sacrificing to Yahweh.
Though the leadership and elite were undoubtedly deported by Assyria, it seems that some number of the Israelite north never left. Moving peasants and farmers is an expensive undertaking with little benefit anway, especially in comparison with the benefits of moving the elites and political/military powers. Assyria colonized the North with it's own citizens, but the local Israelite population never stopped worshiping Yahweh, which is why Assyria had to send priests back. They seem to have rebuilt their temple in the 5th century BC, which is probably not coincidentally when the southern Jews also started rebuilding their temple, both undoubtedly thanks to Persian policy of tolerance to local religions in hopes of political stability.
It seems by the time of or very close to the time of Sanballat, the Samaritans were firmly in place in northern Israel with a Temple and worshiping Yahweh. Samaritan descendents are still there and have never moved.
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