Substitution understood in terms of satisfaction, or a penal framework is problematic. But substitution can be understood as freeing/ransoming us from the law of karma (sin and death). The Apostle Paul wrote:East Asians have sometimes found Jesus death puzzling to understand as salvific in substitutionary terms.
Rom 8:2 For the Law of the Spirit of life has set you free in Christ Jesus from the Law of sin and death.
We pray that God would judge us according to his mercy rather than according to our sins/karma.
This understanding does not contradict the concept of Christus Victor.
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