The Hebrew word
yom occurs over 2000 times in the Old Testament. In Genesis 1, the word
yom is used in combination with Hebrew words
ereb3 (the word for "evening") and
boquer4 (the word for "morning"). The claim has been made that when
yom is used with the words "evening" or "morning," it
always refers to a 24-hour day:
"Outside Genesis 1,
yom is used with the word ‘evening’ or ‘morning’ 23 times. ‘Evening’ and ‘morning’ appear in association, but without
yom, 38 times. All 61 times the text refers to an ordinary day—why would Genesis 1 be the exception?"
1
Actually, they don't even get their facts correct. There are 42 verses (not 23) outside Genesis 1 in which
yom is used in combination with either "evening"
or "morning" (or both).
5 The Hebrew words for "evening" and "morning" are juxtaposed only 12 times outside Genesis 1.
6 In seven of those verses, the word order is reversed from that found in Genesis 1.
6 Most of these verses do refer to 24 hour days, since they discuss the sacrificial system. However, a verse from the Psalms does not refer to a 24-hour day:
They who dwell in the ends of the earth stand in awe of Your signs; You make the dawn [boqer] and the sunset [ereb] shout for joy. (
Psalm 65:8)
Moses, the author of Genesis 1, also wrote Psalm 90.
7 In this Psalm, Moses compares 1000 years to a single day or a watch in the night.
8 In the next verse, he compares human lives to grass. He says that the grass sprouts in the morning and withers in the evening. Realistically, grasses live at least several days or weeks before dying. Evening and morning in this example do not refer to a 24-hour period of time:
You have swept them away like a flood, they fall asleep; In the morning [boqer] they are like grass which sprouts anew. In the morning [boqer] it flourishes and sprouts anew; Toward evening [ereb] it fades and withers away. (
Psalm 90:5-6)
Later, in the same Psalm, Moses includes a plea that God satisfy us with His love in the morning (
boqer) that we may sing all our days (a lifetime of days, again, is usually longer than 24 hours):
O satisfy us in the morning [boqer] with Your lovingkindness, That we may sing for joy and be glad all our days [yom]. (
Psalm 90:14)
Another verse, from Daniel, refers to a period of prophecy:
He said to me, "For 2,300 evenings [ereb] and mornings [boqer]; then the holy place will be properly restored." (
Daniel 8:14)
Some interpret the period of 2,300 evenings and mornings as 2,300 days, while other calculate it as 1,150 days (2,300 divided by 2).
9 Still others interpret the 2,300 evenings and mornings as 2,300 years.
10 It is not absolutely clear that the reference is to 24-hour days.
Outside Genesis 1,
yom occurs only 4 times in combination with
both Hebrew words for "evening"
and "morning." The actual word order of "evening" followed by "morning" in combination with
yom (as seen in Genesis 1) occurs only once outside Genesis 1. It is ironic that this one verse comes from
Daniel 8:26, which defines
yom as a period of time at least 3000 years long:
"The vision of the evenings [ereb] and mornings [boqer] Which has been told is true; But keep the vision secret, For it pertains to many days [
yom] in the future." (
Daniel 8:26)
Obviously, the claim that "All 61 times the text refers to an ordinary day-why would Genesis 1 be the exception" is false, just from this verse - the
only verse that perfectly matches the usage found in Genesis 1.
"Evening" has the additional meaning of "ending" and "morning" has the meaning of "dawning" or "beginning".
11 The order of "evening morning" is not insignificant. Each day described in Genesis 1 is completed by "evening" (ending) juxtaposed with "morning" (beginning). So, the usage fits the interpretation of the ending of one day and the beginning of the next.
Claim 2: Yom with a number (ordinal) always refers to 24 hour days
The claim has been made that when
yom is used with a number, it
always refers to a 24-hour day:
"Outside Genesis 1,
yom is used with a number 410 times, and each time it means an ordinary day—why would Genesis 1 be the exception?"
1
Let's look at some notable exceptions to this "rule," just using the first day as an example. The number used for "first day" is the Hebrew word
echad,
12 which means "one." The first exception to the "rule" is found in
Genesis 29:20, where
echad yom refers to a period of seven years that Jacob served Laban to obtain Rachel.
13
In the book of 1 Samuel, David says that he "will perish one day [
echad yom] by the hand of Saul."
14 Obviously, David was not expecting to die in exactly 24 hours. In fact, David was never killed by Saul, but died of old age many decades later.
A prophecy from the book of Daniel describes the demise of the ruler of the Syrian kingdom, Seleucus Philopator, the Son of Antiochus the Great. According to
Daniel 11:20, "within a few days [
echad yom] he will be shattered."
15 The reign of Seleucus actually lasted 12 years
16 - a relatively short period of time, but certainly not 24 hours!
There are several examples where
echad yom refers to the Day of the Lord - a period usually interpreted as being seven years in length.
17 Specific examples that specify a period of time longer than 24 hours include the following:
'For behold, the stone that I have set before Joshua; on one stone are seven eyes. Behold, I will engrave an inscription on it,' declares the LORD of hosts, 'and I will remove the iniquity of that land in one day [
echad yom]. 'In that day,' declares the LORD of hosts, 'every one of you will invite his neighbor to sit under his vine and under his fig tree.'" (
Zechariah 3:9-10)
For it will be a unique day [
echad yom] which is known to the LORD, neither day nor night, but it will come about that at evening time there will be light. And it will come about in that day that living waters will flow out of Jerusalem, half of them toward the eastern sea and the other half toward the western sea; it will be in summer as well as in winter. (
Zechariah 14:7-8)
"He [the Lord] will revive us after two days; He will raise us up on the third day, That we may live before Him. (
Hosea 6:2)
If we are to interpret
echad yom as referring only to a 24 hour day, then people will only be able to invite their neighbors over during one 24 hour period of time. Obviously,
Zechariah 3:9-10 refers to an extended period of time. Later in his book, Zechariah describes this "one day" as being "in summer as well as in winter." This verse clearly indicates that this "one day" must be at least six months in length. The third example above is somewhat difficult to interpret, but is often interpreted as representing long periods of time. Gill's commentary says,"...these two and three days may be expressive of a long and short time, as interpreters differently explain them; of a long time, as the third day is a long time for a man to lie dead..."
18 These six examples clearly establish that when
yom is used with a number it does
not always refer to 24-hour days.
Claim 3: Other biblical Hebrew words could have been used to designate long periods of time
The claim is made that other Hebrew words could have been used to represent long periods of time:
"There are words in biblical Hebrew (such as olam or qedem) that are very suitable for communicating long periods of time, or indefinite time, but none of these words are used in Genesis 1."
1
Olam
19 and qedem
20 were not used in biblical Hebrew to represent long periods of time. Olam is almost always translated "eternity" "eternal" or "forever" in ancient Hebrew.
21 Obviously, this would not be used to represent long periods of time. Qedem has the usual meaning of "east."
22 Alternatively, it has the meaning of "old", "eternal" or "past." It is not used to represent a period of time in ancient Hebrew. It is interesting that not one example is given to substantiate the claim that either olam or qedem is used to represent a long period of time in biblical Hebrew.