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The Argument from Reason

Chesterton

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That is the whole argument and the inherent flaw of the Naturalist position - either rationality as it has always been understood is a myth, or if it exists, Naturalism refutes itself thereby.

Well I think they have to make it into myth as they do with will and consciousness. As a sort of side note, it's interesting how guys like Sam Harris deny free will, and Daniel Dennett pretty much denies mind itself, but have they come out and denied reason? I don't know for sure, it seems they would have to because all these things go hand-in-hand. But, you can go so far as to claim that your very consciousness is illusion, but you can't claim that the reasoning which led you to make that claim is also an illusion. Naturalism just paints itself into a corner it can't get out of.
 
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Chesterton

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I think the fundamentals of "reasoning" are also fundamental to life itself, but I mean that to mean that the physical nature of life gives rise to things like abstraction, identity, goals orientation ect inherently.

So, I don't think there is any inherent conflict between "rationality" and systems made of matter.
It seems like you're saying that physical matter arranged in the "shape" of a life form is somehow fundamentally different from physical matter arranged in other shapes.
 
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It seems like you're saying that physical matter arranged in the "shape" of a life form is somehow fundamentally different from physical matter arranged in other shapes.

No, I am saying that living systems have a fundamental difference to non-living matter.
 
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This sounds more like Shaw's Life Force than anything else.

You cannot define 'rationality' as you wish it to be defined. It has a time-worn meaning and would be the manner it is used in day to day life. This is a Procrustean attempt, it lobs off the actual meaning of the word, leaving it impotent. By how it has been understood for millenia, matter alone cannot be rational, for it cannot determine its own veridical nature. That is the whole argument and the inherent flaw of the Naturalist position - either rationality as it has always been understood is a myth, or if it exists, Naturalism refutes itself thereby.

Rationality as we "define" it is the product of brains. I am talking about the systems that give rise to it. That which we should expect to underlay and precede it.

Living systems clearly interact with reality from a specific "point of view" and with a specific goal in mind (survival), and the systems give rise to things like abstraction (where one thing can stand in for another) ect.

This is simply not how other matter acts, and your view, that all matter, and material systems are limited to the purely irrational, is simply incorrect from a naturalist position.
 
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Reason does necessitate a mind and you claim to believe reason existed before human minds existed("reason is fundamental to life"), therefore you believe in a reasoning mind that came before humans. You can't assert reason without a mind to do the reasoning.

I do not share the assumption that the rational, at it's most fundamental and stripped down basis, requires a conscious mind no. I think some parts of it are more fundamental than minds (which are rather complex things in my experience).

This is the problem with the argument from reason, as, reason as we understand it, would be from a naturalist position, a refined "finished" product of another system.

It'd be different if you believe reason is an emergent property of life, but this can't mean reason is fundamental to life. Theist believe reason is fundamental to life because God is alive and reasonable and makes things(us) in his image.

No I think the main components of reason are fundamental to living systems, and that rational brains as a construct of life is by no means all that surprising.
 
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Chesterton

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No, I am saying that living systems have a fundamental difference to non-living matter.

But living systems are still matter.

No I think the main components of reason are fundamental to living systems, and that rational brains as a construct of life is by no means all that surprising.

What are the components of reason?
 
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But living systems are still matter.

Living systems are made of matter, but they also posses properties that aren't matter proper, but rather are relationships between material components.

You can end a living system and still have all the same components intact.

Life is a process and it can stop, it can die.

What are the components of reason?

The basic components that I think all life has and are shared with our term of rationality are: identity, perspective, abstraction language/coding and goal orientation.
 
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Rationality as we "define" it is the product of brains. I am talking about the systems that give rise to it. That which we should expect to underlay and precede it.

Living systems clearly interact with reality from a specific "point of view" and with a specific goal in mind (survival), and the systems give rise to things like abstraction (where one thing can stand in for another) ect.

This is simply not how other matter acts, and your view, that all matter, and material systems are limited to the purely irrational, is simply incorrect from a naturalist position.

Living systems are made of matter, but they also posses properties that aren't matter proper, but rather are relationships between material components.

You can end a living system and still have all the same components intact.

Life is a process and it can stop, it can die.



The basic components that I think all life has and are shared with our term of rationality are: identity, perspective, abstraction language/coding and goal orientation.

This sounds even more Shawnian, the 'striving' of Life. It makes no difference though. If you assume an act to be a consequence of underlying matter, then it was determined by that matter. We may see a dog choose one treat over another, but from a Naturalist viewpoint, that choice was as much predetermined as the flow of a river, that 'chooses' one path above another.
For decisions and thinking would be fully derived from the depolarisation of neurons, that was fully derived from internal physiology and external stimuli received, which in turn was fully derived by what came before it down to the start of the universe. It is therefore involuntary, as the self is as well, a survival mechanism that somehow functions by pretending it isn't.
The fact that living systems interact changes nothing to this fact. If Naturalism is true, we should be able to fully determine what thoughts are occurring or would occur in future, based on observable action of matter, at some point - how can you think this renders such things not fully irrationally derived then? This places rationality in the same boat as old-fashioned river gods, a way to explain why a river ran a certain course, until we could actually determine the material cause.

So yes, you are redefining 'rationality' as merely a product of the brain, similar to the hypoxic drive or pituitary control of homeostasis, which in essence renders its traditional meaning a myth.
 
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If Naturalism is true, we should be able to fully determine what thoughts are occurring or would occur in future, based on observable action of matter, at some point

Yes--at least in theory. If we knew precisely the state of one's brain in every respect, it would be possible to know sensations, thoughts, emotions, and other such mental phenomena. Naturalism is deterministic. The exact same conditions will always produce exactly the same outcome. In reality, this is extraordinarily unlikely as it pertains to complex neural mechanisms. A normally functioning brain is dynamic--it's constantly changing. Varying sensory input is coming in, differing brain regions are being activated to different degrees, and neural networks are continually forming and reforming. The odds that the brain would be in exactly the same state at 2 different times are vanishingly small. This means that we have the appearance of free will, because the mental circumstances which determine our choices are virtually never the same exactly. We have relatively free will. But there is no absolute free will.

So yes, you are redefining 'rationality' as merely a product of the brain, similar to the hypoxic drive or pituitary control of homeostasis, which in essence renders its traditional meaning a myth.

It's the rationality of nature. I'm sure it is different from what Lewis had in mind. Jack was a very smart guy, and a good writer. (I have Screwtape in my library, but I've only read a small part of it.) But he died in the early 60s. He had no idea of modern concepts of neuroscience.
 
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Chriliman

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Yes--at least in theory. If we knew precisely the state of one's brain in every respect, it would be possible to know sensations, thoughts, emotions, and other such mental phenomena. Naturalism is deterministic. The exact same conditions will always produce exactly the same outcome. In reality, this is extraordinarily unlikely as it pertains to complex neural mechanisms. A normally functioning brain is dynamic--it's constantly changing. Varying sensory input is coming in, differing brain regions are being activated to different degrees, and neural networks are continually forming and reforming. The odds that the brain would be in exactly the same state at 2 different times are vanishingly small. This means that we have the appearance of free will, because the mental circumstances which determine our choices are virtually never the same exactly. We have relatively free will. But there is no absolute free will.



It's the rationality of nature. I'm sure it is different from what Lewis had in mind. Jack was a very smart guy, and a good writer. (I have Screwtape in my library, but I've only read a small part of it.) But he died in the early 60s. He had no idea of modern concepts of neuroscience.

Ultimately if all the knowledge we're gaining through neuroscience and the sciences in general isn't for the betterment of humanity and life in general, even to the point of removing suffering and death, then it's all in vain. However, if suffering and death are eventually done away with then the will and desire of God is fulfilled. After all, God is working through people in order to complete His will for creation.
 
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This sounds even more Shawnian, the 'striving' of Life. It makes no difference though. If you assume an act to be a consequence of underlying matter, then it was determined by that matter. We may see a dog choose one treat over another, but from a Naturalist viewpoint, that choice was as much predetermined as the flow of a river, that 'chooses' one path above another.

For decisions and thinking would be fully derived from the depolarisation of neurons, that was fully derived from internal physiology and external stimuli received, which in turn was fully derived by what came before it down to the start of the universe. It is therefore involuntary, as the self is as well, a survival mechanism that somehow functions by pretending it isn't.

Again, life is made of matter, what it IS is a set of relationships.

Determinism loses it's force when a living thing starts acting like an independent entity because sensations and actions of such a system are free to be "wrong" when trying to react to the world around them, which doesn't happen to simple matter.

The more complex these systems get, the more they will be reacting to themselves and their "perceptions" of reality than being determined by wrote physical laws.

Once such a system can start to move the pieces around and control it's environment, it's likely reacting to all kinds of things more to do with itself and it's own arrangement of ideas than any compulsion.

The fact that living systems interact changes nothing to this fact. If Naturalism is true, we should be able to fully determine what thoughts are occurring or would occur in future, based on observable action of matter, at some point - how can you think this renders such things not fully irrationally derived then? This places rationality in the same boat as old-fashioned river gods, a way to explain why a river ran a certain course, until we could actually determine the material cause.

Because I think rationality is what the system is ultimately doing and doing so to great effect and I am not a determinist as I think the system stops reacting like a material deterministic system the moment it set's itself apart as a entity with an identity and begins sensing and reacting to the world imperfectly.

So yes, you are redefining 'rationality' as merely a product of the brain, similar to the hypoxic drive or pituitary control of homeostasis, which in essence renders its traditional meaning a myth.

I think rationality comes from brains, the same way as I think minds do, and I think it must be present well before that for brains to happen.

Myths are part of the system actually. How we see ourselves is part of the system and part of how we act. The idea that the swirling mass of ideas created by brains is entirely predictable is not, in my opinion likely true.
 
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Quid est Veritas?

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Again, life is made of matter, what it IS is a set of relationships.

Determinism loses it's force when a living thing starts acting like an independent entity because sensations and actions of such a system are free to be "wrong" when trying to react to the world around them, which doesn't happen to simple matter.

The more complex these systems get, the more they will be reacting to themselves and their "perceptions" of reality than being determined by wrote physical laws.

Once such a system can start to move the pieces around and control it's environment, it's likely reacting to all kinds of things more to do with itself and it's own arrangement of ideas than any compulsion.
Determinism loses no force whatsoever. For just because their action are 'wrong' (how on earth can you even determine wrongness in such a system?), or based on their perception, or their action; all of those acts, perceptions or reactions were still predetermined by matter and the consequence thereof. If my neuronal depolarisation makes me think I love my dog and then this causes other neurons to depolarise so that I give it a treat, this would still be as determinstic as anything else, for the whole cascade of perceptions, actions and beliefs were inherently consequences of the initial state of matter and could not be otherwise. Further activity based thereon would be equally determined therefore.


Because I think rationality is what the system is ultimately doing and doing so to great effect and I am not a determinist as I think the system stops reacting like a material deterministic system the moment it set's itself apart as a entity with an identity and begins sensing and reacting to the world imperfectly.
You are skipping a few steps there, for you have singularly failed to show how it somehow stops being determinstic. As Jayem quite rightly points out, this is merely the appearance of free will. The consequence here is the negation of the validity of our inferences, as not determined by reason but by the material element, which is the very reason Naturalism thus disestablishes human knowledge if accepted.

I think rationality comes from brains, the same way as I think minds do, and I think it must be present well before that for brains to happen.

Myths are part of the system actually. How we see ourselves is part of the system and part of how we act. The idea that the swirling mass of ideas created by brains is entirely predictable is not, in my opinion likely true.
So yes, you are defining rationality in a completely different way then it has been historically used or is used in day to day life and essentially acknowledging its mythical nature.
 
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Yes--at least in theory. If we knew precisely the state of one's brain in every respect, it would be possible to know sensations, thoughts, emotions, and other such mental phenomena. Naturalism is deterministic. The exact same conditions will always produce exactly the same outcome. In reality, this is extraordinarily unlikely as it pertains to complex neural mechanisms. A normally functioning brain is dynamic--it's constantly changing. Varying sensory input is coming in, differing brain regions are being activated to different degrees, and neural networks are continually forming and reforming. The odds that the brain would be in exactly the same state at 2 different times are vanishingly small. This means that we have the appearance of free will, because the mental circumstances which determine our choices are virtually never the same exactly. We have relatively free will. But there is no absolute free will.
All of that mental activity is fully determined by the natural though. So just because it is constantly changing, does not mean it is not fully determined - for all the impulses it receives, sensory imput, thoughts it produces, etc. is fully the product of the unfolding of the material world, the state immediately preceding it, and therefore determined by it, and could not be otherwise. That we cannot determine it is understandable, for we do not know the full state of the universe at a given point, but this does not change the argument which strikes at the validity or veridicality of our knowledge.

It's the rationality of nature. I'm sure it is different from what Lewis had in mind. Jack was a very smart guy, and a good writer. (I have Screwtape in my library, but I've only read a small part of it.) But he died in the early 60s. He had no idea of modern concepts of neuroscience.
Its actually something Lewis considered. There is a character in That Hideous Strength, called Frost, who makes a very similar argument, seeking to be 'objective'.
Modern Neuroscience changes nothing whatsoever to the argument, for Naturalism still maintains the same implicit assumption that our reason must be materially derived, that creates the logical inconsistency in the first place. Our neuroscience neither supports nor disproves this idea at all, so is frankly irrelevant here.
 
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All of that mental activity is fully determined by the natural though. So just because it is constantly changing, does not mean it is not fully determined - for all the impulses it receives, sensory imput, thoughts it produces, etc. is fully the product of the unfolding of the material world, the state immediately preceding it, and therefore determined by it, and could not be otherwise. That we cannot determine it is understandable, for we do not know the full state of the universe at a given point, but this does not change the argument which strikes at the validity or veridicality of our knowledge.

I am saying natural things need not be fully pre-determined. Biological systems do not interact with the world perfectly, and when they get to our level of sophistication, ideas do not either.

Ideas start reacting to ideas and the system is less and less determined by a simple cause effect relationship that you see with predictable material systems.

The idea that we break away from the exact predictability of deterministic materialism should be something apparent to anyone watching such a system.
 
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Determinism loses no force whatsoever. For just because their action are 'wrong' (how on earth can you even determine wrongness in such a system?), or based on their perception, or their action; all of those acts, perceptions or reactions were still predetermined by matter and the consequence thereof. If my neuronal depolarisation makes me think I love my dog and then this causes other neurons to depolarise so that I give it a treat, this would still be as determinstic as anything else, for the whole cascade of perceptions, actions and beliefs were inherently consequences of the initial state of matter and could not be otherwise. Further activity based thereon would be equally determined therefore.

If you are reacting to the ideas that are stored in your neural framework, and the ideas in your framework are reacting to other ideas in other frameworks, both in that framework and outside of it, then you are reacting to something other than the fundamental cause and effect like a usual material system.

Further, If you are incredibly more complex than the world around you then the world is reacting to you rather than the other way around.

Your set of assumptions seems to me to be saying that naturalism must blame the paper and ink for the story.

You are skipping a few steps there, for you have singularly failed to show how it somehow stops being determinstic. As Jayem quite rightly points out, this is merely the appearance of free will.

It is either the appearance of free will or it is free will.

The consequence here is the negation of the validity of our inferences, as not determined by reason but by the material element, which is the very reason Naturalism thus disestablishes human knowledge if accepted.

Human knoledge is not disestablished by naturalism, as human knoledge is based upon observation and interaction with the world.

So yes, you are defining rationality in a completely different way then it has been historically used or is used in day to day life and essentially acknowledging its mythical nature.

I think rationality works just fine at our level, and is not mythological at all.

I've just given you a better idea of where it comes from rather than just saying it was poofed in via the God's
 
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If you are reacting to the ideas that are stored in your neural framework, and the ideas in your framework are reacting to other ideas in other frameworks, both in that framework and outside of it, then you are reacting to something other than the fundamental cause and effect like a usual material system.

Further, If you are incredibly more complex than the world around you then the world is reacting to you rather than the other way around.

Your set of assumptions seems to me to be saying that naturalism must blame the paper and ink for the story.
I am saying natural things need not be fully pre-determined. Biological systems do not interact with the world perfectly, and when they get to our level of sophistication, ideas do not either.

Ideas start reacting to ideas and the system is less and less determined by a simple cause effect relationship that you see with predictable material systems.

The idea that we break away from the exact predictability of deterministic materialism should be something apparent to anyone watching such a system.


This remains deterministic. Why on earth would it suddenly not be? The ideas to which you are reacting were materially derived initially, and the cascade of matter that causes follow up ideas, were derived therefrom as well. It merely means that the matter that caused the first Idea thus caused the second as well, as it is directly as a consequence of the first and so forth and so forth.
Likewise if we alter our environment, the impulse to do so, or idea, was as much materially derived and therefore ultimately predetermined by the iterations of our molecules, as a tree falling in the wind or the orbit of a planet. It is merely then a more complex set of natural events, multiple referrents and causes, but all of those would be the direct effects of previous material interactions, even if derived from human desires - which are the same. Even if we could place a wire in your head and give you an idea, both that idea and the preceding idea to put a wire into the head, are fully determined if Naturalism is the case. It changes nothing at all to the argument, or please explain in what manner we have thus transcended the tyranny of physiology in this instance? For I am sure you don't think ideas poof out of nothingness into our minds? Are they not the work of neural physiology, and dependant on other ideas similarly derived or external stimuli received? If that is the case, then following back their ancestry, we would still find determined matter before this and all its progeny would still be the consequence of it, and their own irrational material origins, and could not have been otherwise.
Biological life rooting around still had their activities instigated by the molecules that gave rise to them, and in turn, the unceasing 'striving' of life as you call it, still has a material basis in genetic material and so forth. The blind process of reproduction then, would favour what was better at it, I am sure you have heard of this? Its called Evolution. All the actions of all life, would be ultimately traceable back to the first single cell organism that appeared in some primordial slime, and all its further actions determined by the manner in which its constituent components interacted with its world and its fellows, for the 'aim' (I use the term loosely) of reproduction and of genes. So you would say Evolution is not a blind process? That cells somehow transcend their components? Are you sure you are defending Naturalism, or digging its grave?

As an analogy, though a poor one, let's take a computer. I input commands and it receives electricity and these then have complex interactions within it, and spits out a program for me to follow. While the program can be complex, had many stages of computations in between, it was still determined by its initial programming and my input. It was determined in that manner. If someone was someday to create a program that achieved sentience, it would still be determined by the programming it received and the input that was initially given it. While it would be 'self-aware', its further actions would be necessarily based on the hardware it was running off of, the initial programming it received, and input it received from outside. These would be the cause and underlying constituents of its further actions, and these were determined, and thus so was its later actions, which follow necessarily therefrom. For the only thing that could alter this, would be further 'input from outside' or it would just run a fully internal and determined set of functions, no matter how vast its thoughts would roam or how complex they became. Now all natural events are determined, water flowing downhill or rocks falling of cliff faces, so if each of us are thus a 'computer' of this form, all our external input is thus also deterministic, which thus renders those 'internal functions' deterministic as well. If we interact with other lives, what of it? They are also therefore deterministic in and of themselves, so our interaction with another deterministic entity, in no way saves us from determinism.


Human knoledge is not disestablished by naturalism, as human knoledge is based upon observation and interaction with the world.
Have you read the thread? Naturalism cannot establish true inference and thus validity. I have not heard any arguments that somehow alter this fact. Just restating your position without addressing the criticism of it, is really not saying anything at all.


I think rationality works just fine at our level, and is not mythological at all.

I've just given you a better idea of where it comes from rather than just saying it was poofed in via the God's
Of course you think it does, you have redefined Rationality into a complete nonentity with no meaning whatsoever. This however remains at odds with how it has been understood for millennia, which you obviously would just call an archaicism. To pretend a problem doesn't exist by altering the meaning of the words it is framed by, is really not answering it.
 
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quatona

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you have redefined Rationality into a complete nonentity
As far as I can tell naturalism doesn´t hold a concept of rationality that involves an entity "Rationality" such as the one you postulate.
Thus, you can superimpose your framework on naturalism all you like - but the result isn´t an internal inconsistency in naturalism, but merely a disagreement between you and naturalism.
This however remains at odds with how it has been understood for millennia,
Some (or many) people have understood it that way. Picturing this concept as a philosophical consensus appears dishonest.
 
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As far as I can tell naturalism doesn´t hold a concept of rationality that involves an entity "Rationality" such as the one you postulate.
Thus, you can superimpose your framework on naturalism all you like - but the result isn´t an internal inconsistency in naturalism, but merely a disagreement between you and naturalism.
Not really. Its a disagreement between Naturalism and the system of Logic that it is supposedly derived by. Naturalism is quite consistent in isolation, it just does not allow anything else to be, even its supposed supports.
Some (or many) people have understood it that way. Picturing this concept as a philosophical consensus appears dishonest.
As I said, people have redefined it. By all means show me someone who disagreed that did not attempt to shore up a ricketty Naturalism or deterministic view thereby. Lewis himself addressed this and even has characters to this effect in That Hideous Strength.

What is dishonest is this continuous false assertion of equivalency between Rational (as what is in accord with reason and logic) and the vastly more nebulous concept that they would replace it with.
 
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quatona

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Not really. Its a disagreement between Naturalism and the system of Logic that it is supposedly derived by. Naturalism is quite consistent in isolation, it just does not allow anything else to be, even its supposed supports.
The system of logic doesn´t require a "Rationality"-entity out there.



What is dishonest is this continuous false assertion of equivalency between Rational (as what is in accord with reason and logic) and the vastly more nebulous concept that they would replace it with.
I have given you the definition of "rational" that´s common usage. It doesn´t say what you say it does.
There is no point in random capitalization, btw.
 
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The system of logic doesn´t require a "Rationality"-entity out there.
No, but Reason based thereon does require true inferences. I direct you to my post 60 in this thread.


I have given you the definition of "rational" that´s common usage. It doesn´t say what you say it does.
There is no point in random capitalization, btw.
No, you have never defined 'rational'. You intimated a disagreement in post 10 and defined 'inferred' in post 31, but Zippy2006 and I both gave the actual dictionary definitions - from Oxford and Mirriam Webster respectively, which fully agrees with the way I have used the term and the implication thereof.
 
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