The “many” refers to a large number, as in “all men,” in which Paul interchangeably uses “many” and “all people” at Romans 5:12-19.
Romans 5:12 Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned— 13 To be sure, sin was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not charged against anyone’s account where there is no law. 14 Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did not sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who is a pattern of the one to come. 15 But the gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died by the trespass of the one man, how much more did God’s grace and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, overflow to the many! 16 Nor can the gift of God be compared with the result of one man’s sin: The judgment followed one sin and brought condemnation, but the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification. 17 For if, by the trespass of the one man, death reigned through that one man, how much more will those who receive God’s abundant provision of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ! 18 Consequently, just as one trespass resulted in condemnation for all people, so also one righteous act resulted in justification and life for all people. 19 For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous.
Why is it important to affirm with Scripture that Jesus died for everyone? The answer is that if Jesus didn’t die for everyone, but only died for Calvinism’s elect, then I would have no reason to believe that Jesus died for me in particular, except by just
supposing it to be true. Christian assurance must never be grounded on guesswork, but instead must be rooted in an Abrahamic confidence that God will keep His promise to do what He says, and God promises to save “whosoever believes in Him.” (John 3:16) If Jesus died for everyone, then I don’t ever need to
wonder about whether God has a good intention for me.
Jesus atoned for all man's sin. 1 John 2:2 and
1 Timothy 2:6 show that Jesus provides atonement for all people - but as I will show from scripture that atonement is applied conditionally. It is applied only to those who believe on the one who made atonement - Jesus.
Since Jesus took upon Himself the “sin of the world,” (
John 1:29), His atonement is therefore available to all, though is only applied whenever people place their faith in Him, just like His illustration at
John 3:14-15 of
Numbers 21:6-9 shows. Before a person looked upon the serpent on a standard, was anyone healed? Before a person believes in Jesus, is anyone saved?
God Himself established the condition.
Numbers 21:8 The Lord said to Moses, “Make a snake and put it up on a pole;
anyone who is bitten can look at it and live.” 9 So Moses made a bronze snake and put it up on a pole. Then when anyone was bitten by a snake and looked at the bronze snake, they lived.
John 3:14 Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, 15
that everyone who believes may have eternal life in him.”
The “many” refers to a large number, as in “all men,” in which Paul interchangeably uses “many” and “all people” at Romans 5:12-19.
Romans 5:12 Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned— 13 To be sure, sin was in the world before the law was given, but sin is not charged against anyone’s account where there is no law. 14 Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did not sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who is a pattern of the one to come. 15 But the gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died by the trespass of the one man, how much more did God’s grace and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, overflow to the many! 16 Nor can the gift of God be compared with the result of one man’s sin: The judgment followed one sin and brought condemnation, but the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification. 17 For if, by the trespass of the one man, death reigned through that one man, how much more will those who receive God’s abundant provision of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ! 18 Consequently, just as one trespass resulted in condemnation for all people, so also one righteous act resulted in justification and life for all people. 19 For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous.
Why is it important to affirm with Scripture that Jesus died for everyone? The answer is that if Jesus didn’t die for everyone, but only died for Calvinism’s elect, then I would have no reason to believe that Jesus died for me in particular, except by just
supposing it to be true. Christian assurance must never be grounded on guesswork, but instead must be rooted in an Abrahamic confidence that God will keep His promise to do what He says, and God promises to save “whosoever believes in Him.” (John 3:16) If Jesus died for everyone, then I don’t ever need to
wonder about whether God has a good intention for me.
Jesus atoned for all man's sin. 1 John 2:2 and
1 Timothy 2:6 show that Jesus provides atonement for all people - but as I will show from scripture that atonement is applied conditionally. It is applied only to those who believe on the one who made atonement - Jesus.
Since Jesus took upon Himself the “sin of the world,” (
John 1:29), His atonement is therefore available to all, though is only applied whenever people place their faith in Him, just like His illustration at
John 3:14-15 of
Numbers 21:6-9 shows. Before a person looked upon the serpent on a standard, was anyone healed? Before a person believes in Jesus, is anyone saved?
God Himself established the condition.
Numbers 21:8 The Lord said to Moses, “Make a snake and put it up on a pole;
anyone who is bitten can look at it and live.” 9 So Moses made a bronze snake and put it up on a pole. Then when anyone was bitten by a snake and looked at the bronze snake, they lived.
John 3:14 Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, 15
that everyone who believes may have eternal life in him.”
Atonement is one of those religious concepts which is best understood through experiencing it, then trying to explain it. Unfortunately, the new Christian is filled with ideas about atonement prior to experiencing it, so they are brain washed into trying to feel something that does not happen and quenching what should happen.
One of the advantages the Jews before Christ’s sacrifice had with atonement was personally going through the atonement process for very minor sins (unintentional sins). Lev. 5 explains why, sinners goes through in the atonement process and might be a good place to start. There is also the advantage of the Lev. 5 atonement being for the individuals personal and actual sins.
We might be able to take the atonement process for very minor sins and extrapolate up to what it could be like for rebellious disobedience directly towards God requiring death for the sinner with no atonement possible under the Old Law.
It would be best to imagen yourself as a first century (BC) Jewish man who just accidently touched a dead unclean animal. If you are real poor you are going to have to work an extra job help someone else for money to buy a sack of flour. If you live in the city and have money you are going to have to go out and buy a lamb and some grain to feed it. You are not a shepherd, so you will have to drag or carry a balling, thirsty and hungry lamb to the altar. You get up early to hike into Jerusalem wait in line for hours to hand the flour or lamb to the priest and watch them go through their part of the atonement process which if all is done right will result in God forgiving you and you feeling forgiven.
There is more to what and why this happens which we can find in Lev. 5:
5…they must confess in what way they have sinned. (which we need to do in the atonement process)
6 (The sacrifice) As a
penalty for the sin they have committed… Here the reason for atonement is given “as a penalty” (punishment but better translated disciplining).
If the sacrifice was made as a “payment” for a sin: these sins are all the same and God considers all people the same, so the sacrifice would need to be the same (a lamb for all or doves for all or flour for all) but the sacrifices are not the same. The different values of the sacrifices, is an attempt to equalize the
hardship/penalty (disciplining) on the sinners and does not suggest a payment being made to God especially a payment to forgive a sin. God does not need a bag of flour to forgive sins.
The intention of the sinner going through all this, would be, all the benefits that come from being Lovingly disciplined.
Jesus is the
atonement sacrifice, but Jesus is not the atonement itself, since there are more elements to the atonement process than just the sacrifice itself.
We really need to go through every verse relating to atonement and sacrifice to gleam a true understanding, but you asked for other word used to describe Jesus’ sacrifice:
Jesus, Paul, Peter, John and the writer of Hebrews all describe Christ torturous, humiliating murder as a ransom payment.
When we talk to nonbelievers, we are not trying to get them to believe some book, words, doctrine or philosophy, but we want them to accept through faith Jesus Christ and Him crucified. If that nonbeliever trust (has faith) in Christ and Him crucified; a child is released and allowed to enter the kingdom where God the Father is, but if the nonbeliever refuses, for lack of faith in Jesus Christ and Him crucified, a child is not set free to go to the Father.
Does this not sound very much like a kidnapping scenario with a ransom being offered?
“Jesus Christ and Him crucified” is described in scripture as the ransom payment?
Would the sinner holding a child of God out of the Kingdom of God describe a criminal unworthy kidnapper?
“Jesus Christ and Him crucified” is a huge sacrificial payment, like you find with children being ransomed?
God is not a criminal undeserving kidnapper holding His own children and satan is not changeable nor has he the power to hold God’s child back from God, so the unbeliever is the only excellent fit for the kidnapper in the atonement process. If you have no kidnapper then it is not a kidnapping scenario, yet it fits beautifully a kidnapping scenario and really gets the meaning across.
Verse we need to really review heavily would be Ro. 3:25, Psalms 22, Is. 53, and lots more, but all the “theories” of atonement right now have huge issues, but the Bible explains it with lots of thinking or experience.
That is my intro.