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proving evolution as just a "theory"

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USincognito

a post by Alan Smithee
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Speaking of vacuous rhetoric that is what the article is.

It's not like I have any proprietary control over my verbiage, but get your own schtick man. :p

It's all supposition.

Sorry, but Creationists magic words don't poof away the evidence in a cloud of smoke.

Please show me peer reviewed research that shows any of it happened. Please point to any experiments or testing or observation that shows it's true. When you can then you can mention that my arguments are vacuous. Until then so is the evolution from a common ancestor.

I you had actually read the page rather than simply tried to dismiss it with vacuous rhetoric, you would have seen a link for references at the bottom.
References
Arendt, D., Hausen, H., Purschke, G. (2009). The 'division of labour' model of eye evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 364(1531), 2809-2817. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0104

Lamb, T. D., Collin, S. P., Pugh, Jr., E. N. (2007). Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 960-976 (subscription required). doi:10.1038/nrn2283

Nilsson, D.-E. (2009). The evolution of eyes and visually guided behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 364(1531), 2833-2847. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0083

Nilsson, D.-E. & Pelger, S. (1994). A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological sciences, 256, 53-58 (subscription required).

Shubin, N., Tabin, C., & Carroll, S. (2009). Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty. Nature, 457, 818-823 (subscription required). doi:10.1038/nature07891

Vopalensky, P. & Kozmik, Z. (2009). Eye evolution: common use and independent recruitment of genetic components. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 364(1531), 2819-2832. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0079
 
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Jimmy D

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Well it is obvious that whatever I point to that shows that the eohippus may not be the horse ancestor you follow the pattern I said you do. Summarily dismiss. It's only full of holes from an evolutionary standpoint t because you believe in evolution. It's the same thing that I do with evolution.

You and I are the same from opposite sides.

But just for arguments sake let's say that you are correct and the horse evolved from eohippus. That is no evidence that all things came from a common ancestor. I've already made it clear that evolution of a creature can take place in order to assist in the creatures survival. An adaptation. But the adaptation is no evidence of common ancestor evolution. It's more suited to God's design to allow nature to continue to exist and life to grow and continue. The sudden appearances of all the creatures on this planet is more in line with creation than evolution from a common ancestor and the supposed evolution of the horse in no evidence of common ancestry.
http://www.truthinscience.org.uk/content.cfm?id=3159

I didn't dismiss anything out of hand, you posted a link, nothing more, I even took the time to point out some of the mistakes the article made. I repeat, I only originally posted that sequence of fossils as an example of why I accept the TOE, not to convince you.

I had a read through your link, the first half seems to be fairly close to the information I've posted so far, it does complain that an overly simplistic model of the horse family tree tends to been presented which is probably true in some cases, as it says, it is more like a branching tree rather than a straight line.

The second half however is pure speculation. It provides no evidence for it's "basic types" being unrelated assertions, it provides no evidence for the "special creation" of these basic types, it provides no evidence of the barriers that keep the type from becoming another type.

For example....

"These studies suggest that all horses, including the 150 or so fossil species, are probably related in a single Basic Type. The ancestor(s) of these horses probably possessed latent (i.e. unexpressed) genetic information that gave the horse type tremendous potential for variety. One way in which this latent genetic potential may be regulated is by differential gene expression. By this we mean that in living organisms there are mechanisms by which genes can be turned on (i.e., expressed) or turned off (i.e., not expressed). For example, horses may have a genetic ‘switch’ that determines whether they develop side toes. Other regulatory genes may control size, shape of the teeth, and so on."

Is admitting that all these fossils are related, as is undeniable to any one with an ounce of honesty. But it then goes on to make up nonsense about "latent genes", suggesting that the horse genome was already present in it's current form in the earliest fossils but was just waiting to be "switched on". I have to ask how you can accept this pure speculation in the faced of well researched, evidenced scientific data - it seems creationists are happy to accept any old speculation if you think it agrees with your interpretation of the bible. Ironically I don't see how this explanation of the horse fossil fits in with the Genesis story anyway, I see no mention of basic creature types being created, going extinct, morphing into multiple species etc.


It seems that you are begrudgingly admitting that the series of fossils represent adaptation over time, would that be fair to say?
 
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_-iconoclast-_

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Faith (as in Religious Faith, or "Absolute Trust without evidence" as you wish to say) is not the same as Trust based on Evidence (as in prior experience, or demonstrated success). My Islamic Friend uses Faith in exactly the same way you do to profess his religion as being the correct religion over yours, just as you profess yours to be correct over his. How do we tell the difference between your claim and his claim without the evidence we take from every day happenstance scenarios?

Of course they are safe and healthy, thank you! :D - Again though, as an Atheist discussing the topic with Theists of various stripes, I speak about Faith in its religious form because this is how Theists generally use the word in relation to their Religion. It is different to how you use the word in the above example because the child has prior experience or evidence (no matter what it is) to justify obeying a parent, or any authoritative figure. So your use of Faith is what I would define as Trust (i.e. evidence or experience based) and not Religious Faith (as in Unevidenced). Your child example is different to your Religious example, the two are not the same. My reasoning will follow below.

This is fine if, as I said, you're using it in the evidence based form of "Faith" and not as the religious version of "Faith"

Of course I would consider any and all evidence, which would be how I proportion my Trust in a person, process or thing. and Sure if you consider that statement from the Bible as a Declaration of Faith as opposed to a description of Faith, many believers and non-believers alike take it as a description to justify why they take their religious belief without evidence, so then I have to ask, why do you believe if that Bible quote is a declaration and not your justification for evidence free and absolute trust in your God?

Also, for clarity in our conversations, I'll use "Trust" to indicate "Faith with evidence" and "Faith" when I referring to "Faith without evidence" - this will save any confusion from here on I hope...

I'm not sure what I'll accept, but claims aren't acceptable. I would require an appropriate level of evidence to support the claim (i.e. "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" -Carl Sagan)

Not sure what material possessions and physical comfort have to do with Trust, but these things are tangible, I suppose (?) - Also, what are "Spiritual Values" and how do they differ from "Values"?

Explained what constitutes evidence as above...

Great! so now you understand why I don't have "Faith" then.

Well, of course I think this is all reasoned "Trust", as I mentioned before, 100% certainty is not a requirement (and in fact is an impossible position to hold).

If I have a "firm conviction that something is the truth but have misconstrued the facts" - then I guess I wouldn't hold a firm conviction any longer. If the evidence is not in support of the conviction I hold, then I would change my level of confidence in that position accordingly. Whether I'm less convinced, or no longer convinced at all in a position is dependent on the evidence available to me.

I have reasoned trust in a Doctor because I have trust in the system that allows him to operate as such. I know that my society protects me as a consumer and patient by requiring this person to go through a stringent and comprehensive six year medical degree at a university that ascribes to the standards set out by my government on evidence based medical science, I know this person also had to intern and be supervised at a medical facility for at least another year of further medical training before they can register with the medical board to even be able to practice in the first place. I also know that the system has a backup recourse should all of this fail (whether through medical neglect, or malpractice) in a legal system that could ascribe civil damages if not delisting from the medical board and even criminal charges in the more extreme cases. - Contrast this with "Faith Healers" (as in unevidenced trust) for example where there's no checks and balances in place to support anyone! No study has ever supported the efficacy of these faith healers, or for that matter, intercessory prayer.

Degrees of Certainty is literally as implied. That is, I can never be 100% sure of anything. Nobody can. That aside, I can be reasonably sure the plank set up over the trench was likely to support the traffic as intended, and the chair that broke was known to have supported your own & the ample posteriors of those who used it with you til it broke - but in both cases, nobody could be 100% sure this would continue to be reliable. We only have all the supporting evidence of it working for us beforehand, and therefore a justified reason to tentatively trust it would continue to do so.

Sure, but again to save on confusion, I consider "Faith" to be unevidenced trust, and "Trust" to be based on evidence and reason. Just so there's no confusion conflating the two positions - which I still think you're trying to do...

Of course I'm always open to the possibility, Sure! Remember, I can't be 100% sure of anything if I'm to be honest. If I want to accept as many true things as possible while rejecting as many false things as possible, then I have to be as diligent as I can in ensuring the method I use affords me the most success here. The Scientific Method and an understanding of what evidence is, are paramount to that process, and any God will understand (and in fact would support) such a stance - after all, wouldn't God be disappointed were I to accept the unevidenced claim of the wrong religion based on authority, or culture I happen to be born into?

Of course, I have no doubt that you couldn't find anything on Fairies answering prayer, just as you'll probably find success of prayers to a desklamp or a magic 8 ball light on substance too, but they all answer prayer just as well as religions do. So by that extension, I'm as certain that fairies answer prayers to them at least as good as any God answers prayer because all the studies on the efficacy of prayer are no better than chance either.

The point of the exercise is that their "Faith" in their religion which has as much evidence for it as your religion's Faith has, gives them no better reason to make decisions that affect you as your decisions ought to affect others. I understand that you personally don't think you affect others, but I imagine you have positions on gay marriage, abortion, evolution & the sciences that underpin it, rational thinking, etc. and you vote?

If yes to any of those, then your "Faith" based beliefs affect those around you, including those that don't share your beliefs, some of them are the very subject of those beliefs - your beliefs and decisions based on them don't operate in a vacuum... You make unevidenced "Faith" based decisions that impact others in exactly the same way that an Islamic Administration of a country you might be in, could very well affect you.

It's a demonstration of how an unevidenced "Faith" based belief can be destructive in a bad way to the people who don't share those beliefs. Whether you believe yourself to be right or not, you don't seem to appreciate how your potentially incorrect beliefs could be damaging to others and the society you live in. So for this reason alone, you ought to care about having evidence for your beliefs, and not to just take it on "Faith".

Sure it can. That said though, your Dad likely lived longer than he would've otherwise, and likely benefited from palliative care borne from the medical sciences that wouldn't have been possible if it weren't for the progress of technology and medicines due to science and the scientific method.

It also teaches that we are born in sin and are sinful ourselves by default and our very distant ancestor did something so evil that God had to sacrifice himself to himself in bloodlust to create a loophole in the rules he made so we could go to heaven by believing in him.

I have no reason to think "sin" is a thing either, btw...

Apart from the fact that Atheism addresses no such point, I can tell you my personal position on this point (which has nothing to do with Atheists) - I have trust that I proportion to the claim and the evidence in support of it. The scientific method, which I think is the process you describe here, is the single most reliable method by which we have all the technology and progress we enjoy in our modern lives.

We didn't come upon computers by faith, we don't qualify doctors to practice medicine on faith, we don't communicate with people from around the world on faith, we don't fly anywhere on the planet in 24 hours on faith, and so on... None of these things we take as granted are a product of Faith.

Of course, that's why I require Evidence and/or reasoned thought before I accept a position of Trust (and not Faith) in a thing.

They say to me exactly what you say to me, and all of you have the same amount of evidence for your claims.

Of course I wouldn't, the child has no prior experience (i.e. Evidence) with a power point, and may not even survive the process of coming about the evidence in this case, so yes, this is going to come down to the child's experience of having to obey my authority on the knowledge it will be in lots of trouble otherwise... This is still experience, even though I am its authority figure. The child knows to obey when I say something in no uncertain terms, otherwise it will suffer my punishment. It knows that its reward will be not getting in trouble through an established history of such events.

But again, how do you know your track is the right one without evidence? If you invoke "Faith", then I can take anyone's position of "Faith" in their religion just as easily.

Well, if he is real, then Sure I want him to get through, this would be a point of fact I NEED to know in order to be accurate in my world view. The point still remains though, I have no reason to believe your particular version of this God is in fact real, and plenty of reasons not to believe he exists. If there is a God, any God let alone a Christian God of some type, then that God derived us through billions of years of evolution on a 4.5 billion year old planet in a 13.8 billion year old universe. All the evidence this God has left us through his creation contradicts your version of God. I go back to the degrees of certainty based on the evidence at hand to tell you that I'm quite certain that your version of God in your version of reality doesn't exist.

Hey bugs. :)

Wow that is a lengthy post. Just to let u know im happy ro reply to all of it. That may take some time as some questions and comments should be properly addressed.

Im about 2/3 - 3/4 done replying to your post . At this stage my post is longer than yours! Due to time restraints it may take until next.

Please be patient cheers
 
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_-iconoclast-_

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No, I was just making a poor joke.

I read the article, I don't really see how it's particularly relevant to what we're discussing so I didn't bother taking much time to address it. I'm not really interested in the issues involved in medical research.



I think it's a neat summation of Dr Mclain's opinion - "Theories give a best guess at what is going on based on things we observe (data), but they are not immutable. If you only have a few data points, then your working theory is more likely to turn out to be wrong. This is not news to science, this is science." I quite agree.



Not really, I'm just commenting on a pattern we see in these discussions.



Good for you (no sarcasm intended). Why then are you arguing against common descent / the theory of evolution?



It doesn't matter to me that much, I'm just passing time by chatting on the internet. However, consider this.....

"The worldwide scientific research community from over the past 150 years has discovered that no known hypothesis other than universal common descent can account scientifically for the unity, diversity, and patterns of terrestrial life. This hypothesis has been verified and corroborated so extensively that it is currently accepted as fact by the overwhelming majority of professional researchers in the biological and geological sciences".
Link

I think it extremely unlikely that evidence will emerge that will overturn the hypothesis of common descent, it can be considered a fact... that's good enough for me.



I think that the theory of evolution accounts for it obviously.



It's not a bandwagon argument at all, I suggest that you refresh your understanding of logical fallacies.


He's referring to medical research, didn't you read the article?



Yep, I was referring to propaganda wesites like Answers in Genesis, the Discovery Institute etc, their lies are well documented and they openly admit that they don't follow the scientific method. Why should I be interested in their contribution to a scientific debate.



It's called intellectual honesty and what he said may have been true seventy years ago but it isn't now.



No. You aren't ignorant of the facts, I presented them. If you don't think they evolved then why do they show such a sequence chronologically? You've spent all this time trying to say the the science is full of errors, you don't accept common descent but you've got literally nothing.



"The worldwide scientific research community from over the past 150 years has discovered that no known hypothesis other than universal common descent can account scientifically for the unity, diversity, and patterns of terrestrial life. This hypothesis has been verified and corroborated so extensively that it is currently accepted as fact by the overwhelming majority of professional researchers in the biological and geological sciences".
Link



It's an interesting discovery, but why do you think I need to reconcile my position? We know ancient hominids have been wandering around for millions of years.



So? Why are you changing the subject?



Of course not, evidence is the kryptonite of the creationist. Meta-debate and obfuscation are much more effective avenues for discussing the merits of scientific theories.



Have you got a better explanation?



I'll be honest, I didn't enjoy replying to such a rambling and disjointed post. I explained why I accept common descent as the best explanation of life on Earth, if you don't like my reasons I can live with that.

If you can present any actual evidence to demonstrate what you believe I'll look forward to it, until then I'll dismiss Creationism as poor theology and even worse science.

Hey James. :)

I will send you my reply after i have finished replying to bugs.

Cheers
 
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_-iconoclast-_

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I guess my point went over your head. A better source would be a scientific paper, or at least a scientific news outlet.

Hey cog. :)

Im affraid i will have to stop the fun and games here. The discussion with james and bugs is going to take up all my free time.

Dont worry my friend. There will be another time :)
 
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Uber Genius

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Oh great. Yet another person lecturing us who doesn't know what they're talking about. Nothing is ever proven in science nor is there such a thing as scientific proof.


No such thing as scientific proof.
Common misconceptions about science I: “Scientific proof”

Hmm?

I shared standard distinction between general and special usage of the word theory and you create a strawman about there being no such thing as scientific proof. Did I say "proof?"

No!

I said "THEORY!"

Is there such a thing as scientific theory??

Stop the propaganda.

Stop putting words in people's mouths they didn't say.

Stop trying to shame and lecture people especially when phrases like scientific epistemology confuse you.
 
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USincognito

a post by Alan Smithee
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Hmm?

I shared standard distinction between general and special usage of the word theory and you create a strawman about there being no such thing as scientific proof. Did I say "proof?"

No!

I said "THEORY!"

Is there such a thing as scientific theory??

Stop the propaganda.

Stop putting words in people's mouths they didn't say.

Stop trying to shame and lecture people especially when phrases like scientific epistemology confuse you.
:scratch:
 
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Uber Genius

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Who lost their job for demonstrating evidence? Also, how many Scientists lost their job when the Universe was found not to be in a steady state after all?

I assume you are suggesting an analogy?

It appears to be a non-sequitur.

Evolution certainly has a 150-year history of contaversial claims.

Cosmogony does not!

However we had the evidence for and expanding universe since GTR and Edwin Hubble (1915 and 1925 respectively).

In the late 1970s steady state theory was still being taught in physics. The reason given by my physics professor that Big Bang cosmology wasn't predominant was not evidential, but rather philosophical.

If the universe began to exist then there must be a cause for that existence that was outside of space, time matter and energy!

Einstein said is the is a beginning to the univers there must be a Beginner!

So in your attempt to disprove my claim about evolution involving an element of politics, you have guide the gentle reader to an even greater example of philosophy and personal dislike of the consequences of a theory slowing down acceptance of that theory.

Controversial theories in mathematics are a different story to the sciences. Also, evolution is not controversial. Well, not in scientific circles, th

Again you are making my point.

If Math research has contraversy and politics how much more so the controversial claims of evolution?

doesn't matter what number the molecular evolutionist is, the reason for dismissal could be any number of things, but a well evidenced scientific argument won't be it - see above re: steady state universe.

So now you ate making up data and scenarios rather than recognize the nature of the research community in higher education.

Clearly you have not been involved in those endeavors.
 
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xianghua

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It's not like I have any proprietary control over my verbiage, but get your own schtick man. :p



Sorry, but Creationists magic words don't poof away the evidence in a cloud of smoke.



I you had actually read the page rather than simply tried to dismiss it with vacuous rhetoric, you would have seen a link for references at the bottom.
References
Arendt, D., Hausen, H., Purschke, G. (2009). The 'division of labour' model of eye evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 364(1531), 2809-2817. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0104

Lamb, T. D., Collin, S. P., Pugh, Jr., E. N. (2007). Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(12), 960-976 (subscription required). doi:10.1038/nrn2283

Nilsson, D.-E. (2009). The evolution of eyes and visually guided behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 364(1531), 2833-2847. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0083

Nilsson, D.-E. & Pelger, S. (1994). A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biological sciences, 256, 53-58 (subscription required).

Shubin, N., Tabin, C., & Carroll, S. (2009). Deep homology and the origins of evolutionary novelty. Nature, 457, 818-823 (subscription required). doi:10.1038/nature07891

Vopalensky, P. & Kozmik, Z. (2009). Eye evolution: common use and independent recruitment of genetic components. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Biological Sciences, 364(1531), 2819-2832. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0079
even a simple light detector can't evolve stepwise. since there is no stepwise to form a light detector. any light detector is itself evidence for design. therefore it cant be the result of a natural process.

a single photoreceptor is about 300 amino acid long. the sequence space is about 20^300. we know that about half of the protein sequence required for his minimal function, so the chance to evolve even the simplest light detector may be low as 20^150.
 
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tas8831

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Please read the first paragraph of that paper. There is "suggestion and unknowns admitted from the start. Also the word similarities is there. Once again evolution in this case is assumed. The similarities mean nothing. It's assumed the fusion took place but it is not proven that it did. One more piece of evidence that evolutionists assume something happened. With no real way of proving it did. As I have said, it's an assumption and continues to be. Similarities do not mean anything in this case. It's a classical case of common design but not common ancestry.


Please read BEYOND the first paragraph. You've never read an actual scientific paper, have you?

You see, the first non-Abstract part of a paper provides - get this - BACKGROUND information. it is introductory, to get the reader 'up to speed'.

Creationists just skim for some key words they think will help their cause - "hmm.... umm... THERE IT IS! They wrote "maybe"! They wrote "suggest"! "

A few days ago, a creationist on here linked to a site claiming it was where I could find "proof" that the bible is true. it was to a biblical archaeology site, and they had listed theior "top" discoveries for the year 2016. Their "top" discoveries described had a LOT of 'suggests" and "could be" and such - I guess I can just throw it out?

So, how about YOU read the last sentence of the introduction:

"We describe here the architecture of the sequence at this internal locus at 2q13, which represents a relic of the fusion of two ancestral ape chromosomes in the evolution of human chromosome 2."


The rest of the paper then DESCRIBES the means by which they drew this conclusion.

Your dismissal of it is an act of desperation, nothing more.
 
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tas8831

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xianghua

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So now use this model to make predictions

if creation is true we should find evidence for design (in the genetic level or in the morphological level). we indeed found such evidence. DNA bases are basically instructions to make functional structures. since genes code for motors, and since motors are the product of design and not a natural process- this finding (DNA) fully support creation and can't be explain by a natural evolution. now feel free to disprove this prediction.

N.gif


Bacterial Flagellum
 
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tas8831

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The evidence itself is assumed.

Not really.

Science 25 October 1991:
Vol. 254. no. 5031, pp. 554 - 558

Gene trees and the origins of inbred strains of mice

WR Atchley and WM Fitch

Extensive data on genetic divergence among 24 inbred strains of mice provide an opportunity to examine the concordance of gene trees and species trees, especially whether structured subsamples of loci give congruent estimates of phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analyses of 144 separate loci reproduce almost exactly the known genealogical relationships among these 24 strains. Partitioning these loci into structured subsets representing loci coding for proteins, the immune system and endogenous viruses give incongruent phylogenetic results. The gene tree based on protein loci provides an accurate picture of the genealogical relationships among strains; however, gene trees based upon immune and viral data show significant deviations from known genealogical affinities.

======================

Science, Vol 255, Issue 5044, 589-592

Experimental phylogenetics: generation of a known phylogeny

DM Hillis, JJ Bull, ME White, MR Badgett, and IJ Molineux
Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712.

Although methods of phylogenetic estimation are used routinely in comparative biology, direct tests of these methods are hampered by the lack of known phylogenies. Here a system based on serial propagation of bacteriophage T7 in the presence of a mutagen was used to create the first completely known phylogeny. Restriction-site maps of the terminal lineages were used to infer the evolutionary history of the experimental lines for comparison to the known history and actual ancestors. The five methods used to reconstruct branching pattern all predicted the correct topology but varied in their predictions of branch lengths; one method also predicts ancestral restriction maps and was found to be greater than 98 percent accurate.

==================================

Science, Vol 264, Issue 5159, 671-677

Application and accuracy of molecular phylogenies

DM Hillis, JP Huelsenbeck, and CW Cunningham
Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin 78712.

Molecular investigations of evolutionary history are being used to study subjects as diverse as the epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the origin of life. These studies depend on accurate estimates of phylogeny. The performance of methods of phylogenetic analysis can be assessed by numerical simulation studies and by the experimental evolution of organisms in controlled laboratory situations. Both kinds of assessment indicate that existing methods are effective at estimating phylogenies over a wide range of evolutionary conditions, especially if information about substitution bias is used to provide differential weightings for character transformations.

And these methods that were applied successfully in these papers and in this court case have also been used to trace primate evolution which includes us

Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: Enlarging genus Homo

"Here we compare ≈90 kb of coding DNA nucleotide sequence from 97 human genes to their sequenced chimpanzee counterparts and to available sequenced gorilla, orangutan, and Old World monkey counterparts, and, on a more limited basis, to mouse. The nonsynonymous changes (functionally important), like synonymous changes (functionally much less important), show chimpanzees and humans to be most closely related, sharing 99.4% identity at nonsynonymous sites and 98.4% at synonymous sites. "



Mitochondrial Insertions into Primate Nuclear Genomes Suggest the Use of numts as a Tool for Phylogeny

"Moreover, numts identified in gorilla Supercontigs were used to test the human–chimp–gorilla trichotomy, yielding a high level of support for the sister relationship of human and chimpanzee."



A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates

"Once contentiously debated, the closest human relative of chimpanzee (Pan) within subfamily Homininae (Gorilla, Pan, Homo) is now generally undisputed. The branch forming the Homo andPanlineage apart from Gorilla is relatively short (node 73, 27 steps MP, 0 indels) compared with that of thePan genus (node 72, 91 steps MP, 2 indels) and suggests rapid speciation into the 3 genera occurred early in Homininae evolution. Based on 54 gene regions, Homo-Pan genetic distance range from 6.92 to 7.90×10−3 substitutions/site (P. paniscus and P. troglodytes, respectively), which is less than previous estimates based on large scale sequencing of specific regions such as chromosome 7[50]. "



Catarrhine phylogeny: noncoding DNA evidence for a diphyletic origin of the mangabeys and for a human-chimpanzee clade.

"The Superfamily Hominoidea for apes and humans is reduced to family Hominidae within Superfamily Cercopithecoidea, with all living hominids placed in subfamily Homininae; and (4) chimpanzees and humans are members of a single genus, Homo, with common and bonobo chimpanzees placed in subgenus H. (Pan) and humans placed in subgenus H. (Homo). It may be noted that humans and chimpanzees are more than 98.3% identical in their typical nuclear noncoding DNA and probably more than 99.5% identical in the active coding nucleotide sequences of their functional nuclear genes (Goodman et al., 1989, 1990). In mammals such high genetic correspondence is commonly found between sibling species below the generic level but not between species in different genera."
 
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tas8831

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if creation is true we should find evidence for design (in the genetic level or in the morphological level).

You keep claiming this, yet the only "explanations" you provide are... links to more pictures and restating the same thing over and over.
 
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Uber Genius

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This is news to me, and to geneticists in general. Citations, please.
That it is news to you is a statment about your ignorance.

That it is news to geneticists is false.

Instead of taking 2 minutes to search on scholar google you went the lazy route and fired off a generic post wi boilerplate skepticism.

Gauger AK, Axe DD (2011) The evolutionary accessibility of new enzyme functions: a case study from the biotin pathway. BIO-Complexity 2011(1):1-17. doi:10.5048/BIO-C.2011.1


Doug Axe

His research uses both experiments and computer simulations to examine the functional and structural constraints on the evolution of proteins and protein systems. After a Caltech PhD, he held postdoctoral and research scientist positions at the University of Cambridge, the Cambridge Medical Research Council Centre, and the Babraham Institute in Cambridge. His work and ideas have been featured in many scientific journals, including the Journal of Molecular Biology, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, and Nature.

Ann Gauger
Her work uses molecular genetics and genomic engineering to study the origin, organization and operation of metabolic pathways. She received a BS in biology from MIT, and a PhD in developmental biology from the University of Washington, where she studied cell adhesion molecules involved in Drosophila embryogenesis. As a post-doctoral fellow at Harvard she cloned and characterized the Drosophila kinesin light chain. Her research has been published in Nature, Development, and the Journal of Biological Chemistry.
 
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