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Pragmatism, Idealism, and Skepticism

quatona

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And, while I am at humouring you in responding to off topic questions :p , I will answer to this, as well:

Do you think you can count things out, like my previous example of a perfectly moral God?
In my opinion the question "Does a perfectly moral God exist?" merely pretends to be an epistemic question, while actually it is an unfortunate combination of an epistemic and a moral question.
The epistemic question would be: "Does a God exist?". Moral judgements about this God are an entirely different matter.
It would be like asking "Does a beautiful Paradoxum exist?". In the interest of a proper approach, I would much prefer to keep the questions "Does Paradoxum exist?", and - upon having answered this question yes - "Is she beautiful?" separate.
 
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FireDragon76

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It seems kinda shallow to me to believe things for pleasure.

It seems to me you are afraid of pleasure, perhaps, and your preference is to view the world as being overly sterile and joyless. As a Christian I don't have to see truth, goodness, and beauty in contradiction. The atheist has to say one of those things alone is important, and discount the rest as subjective. You seem to be hung up on "truth", and discounting everything else you can experience.

I believe we find truth in our experiences out in life: in that goodness and beauty (which is, as Percival pointed out, why art and literature is so very important, even if the subject matter is not "real", it speaks to real truths about our condition). Even a fictional story can reveal important truths. Much is the same with belief in God. God is not literally a person, a man in the sky riding on a chariot, but thinking about God in such ways is not incompatible with truth when it is accepted provisionally. This is where it is necessary to understand both apophatic theology and mystagogy to fully understand where the Christian is coming from. Taking all "God-talk" overly literally is a category error. Mature Christians realize this, and yet, at the same time realize that the "God-talk" points to deep truths about reality.

In my opinion it's better to have principles, like caring about truth. If you care about truth you'll want to avoid false beliefs, which doesn't mean just accepting things without reason.

You give the impression of caring about skepticism an awful lot, more than is sensible.

The real Greek Skeptics did not care about truth. They believed by losing attachment to all dogmatic beliefs, they could eventually find inner peace in a care-free existence, not truth. The two are not necessarily the same, and a Greek skeptic would probably find you attachment to truth a vice.

Now, skepticism cane to take on a slightly different meaning: during the late Renaissance and early modern period, skepticism re-emerged as a tactic used in religious polemics of Protestants vs. Catholics. Soon, despisers of religion adopted the neo-skeptical philosophy wholesale to reject religion altogether. Skepticism has never been a tool to pursue truth, only some other ends. Either for religious polemicism or as a tool of anti-Christian secularism. It's never been about a naked pursuit of truth.
 
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Archaeopteryx

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It seems to me you are afraid of pleasure, perhaps.

As a Christian I don't have to see truth, goodness, and beauty in contradiction. The atheist has to say one of those things alone is important, and discount the rest as subjective. You seem to be hung up on "truth", and discounting everything else you can experience.

Why does the atheist have to discount the rest?

I believe we find truth in our experiences out in life. In that goodness and beauty (which is, as Percival pointed out, why art and literature is so very important). Not sophistry or spurious reasoning. Even a fictional story can reveal important truths. Much is the same with belief in God. God is not literally a person, a man in the sky riding on a chariot, but thinking about God in such ways is not incompatible with truth when it is accepted provisionally.

Is it accepted provisionally by the religious? My impression is that it is upheld as an absolute truth, not as a provisional conclusion. I've never heard a believer articulate belief in doctrines that are held only provisionally, though I would be happy to be shown wrong on this.
 
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Eudaimonist

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It seems to me you are afraid of pleasure, perhaps, and your preference is to view the world as being overly sterile and joyless.

:confused:

You aren't being very charitable here. Not believing in something for the sake of pleasure doesn't mean that one is anti-pleasure.

I believe we find truth in our experiences out in life: in that goodness and beauty (which is, as Percival pointed out, why art and literature is so very important, even if the subject matter is not "real", it speaks to real truths about our condition). Even a fictional story can reveal important truths.

Yes, certainly. But note that Lord of the Rings reveals important truths about fellowship and loyalty, and about possessiveness and temptation, but not so much about Rings of Power and wandering Wizards.

Much is the same with belief in God.

Just as with LOTR, the same is true here.


eudaimonia,

Mark
 
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Paradoxum

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It seems to me you are afraid of pleasure, perhaps, and your preference is to view the world as being overly sterile and joyless.

I'm definitively not afraid of pleasure, and I don't think the world is sterile and joyless. I just tend to put truth above pleasure.

If I like a roast dinner more than pizza, that doesn't mean I dislike pizza... it just means I prefer a roast dinner. I could very well love pizza.

As a Christian I don't have to see truth, goodness, and beauty in contradiction. The atheist has to say one of those things alone is important, and discount the rest as subjective. You seem to be hung up on "truth", and discounting everything else you can experience.

Atheists don't have to think any of those are subjective. As for myself, I think beauty is subjective (but nice). I don't see truth, morality, and beauty as being in contradiction.

I believe we find truth in our experiences out in life: in that goodness and beauty (which is, as Percival pointed out, why art and literature is so very important, even if the subject matter is not "real", it speaks to real truths about our condition). Even a fictional story can reveal important truths. Much is the same with belief in God. God is not literally a person, a man in the sky riding on a chariot, but thinking about God in such ways is not incompatible with truth when it is accepted provisionally. This is where it is necessary to understand both apophatic theology and mystagogy to fully understand where the Christian is coming from. Taking all "God-talk" overly literally is a category error. Mature Christians realize this, and yet, at the same time realize that the "God-talk" points to deep truths about reality.

I agree that you can trying to teach or learn things through stories, including God stories. But I don't think you need to think the stories are true to think a message in them in true.

You give the impression of caring about skepticism an awful lot, more than is sensible.

I don't generally think of myself as a skeptic, but I'm not against the label. Why if I am rather skeptical, why do you think my amount of it isn't sensible?

It's not as if I don't care about morality and pleasure too. If I talked about my feelings on pleasure more I bet I'd be called a hedonist by some (puritanical?) people.

The real Greek Skeptics did not care about truth. They believed by losing attachment to all dogmatic beliefs, they could eventually find inner peace in a care-free existence, not truth. The two are not necessarily the same, and a Greek skeptic would probably find you attachment to truth a vice.

Well, good for them? :D

Now, skepticism cane to take on a slightly different meaning: during the late Renaissance and early modern period, skepticism re-emerged as a tactic used in religious polemics of Protestants vs. Catholics. Soon, despisers of religion adopted the neo-skeptical philosophy wholesale to reject religion altogether. Skepticism has never been a tool to pursue truth, only some other ends. Either for religious polemicism or as a tool of anti-Christian secularism. It's never been about a naked pursuit of truth.

As I said, I don't go out of my way to label myself a skeptic, so attacking the label doesn't affect me. :)
 
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Paradoxum

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You are free to perceive it as you wish. I was just explaining why I didn´t answer the question, and why not answering the question doesn´t equal you disallowing to ask it.

I know I'm allowed to ask it... me saying 'I'm not allowed to ask' was a way of me phrasing how I thought your reply (or lack of it) was strange. Like I supposed to answer questions, but you wont answer any.

It doesn't matter now. :)

For me, the point is pretty much similar to what the point of music, of story telling, of theatre, of metaphores, of creativity is: Inspiring each other, offer and share that which we perceive as beautiful ideas and visions.
Look, there wouldn´t be much point in watching a movie and asking yourself all the time: "But is this true?".

I wouldn't personally call that metaphysics then. It needs to be made more obvious that it's about fiction. Perhaps calling it myth... metaphysical myths; to make t clear that you are just telling stories for enjoyment or value conveyance.

[But since you are so hell-bound to carry it here, I will humour you. :cool:
I don´t believe that morality is a matter of truth. I´m not a moral realist.
But if assuming for a moment that morality were a matter of truth:
Even if it turned out tomorrow that it´s true that killing, raping, injuring, genocide and torture are the means we are morally obliged to utilize at every given opportunity, it wouldn´t change my opinion and it wouldn´t change my behaviour. So much for the significance of "moral truths" (if such existed).]

Fair enough. I suppose I agree, but to me saying rape (in general) is moral, would be similar to saying 2+2=3. If morality were different from what it is, we might be talking about a different concept anyway.

Cool. So we needn´t discuss it in the fundamentalist way I was afraid you meant to discuss it. We can discuss what the exceptions are. :thumbsup:

I get that nice ideas might be more important than truth if you live in absolute poverty, or have a terrible life. You might need it to get you through.

I´m not sure I get how this is a comparison in size.
The ideal of "truth" as a "bigger principle" seems to be some sort of metaphysical idea itself. As such, I am tempted to argue that you hold it because it suits your needs best. ;)

It isn't about physical size, its just a way of phrasing things. I mean that truth exists beyond my life, unlike my desires. I want to be part of something beyond my life.

But, anyway, by the same token, "beauty", "inspiration", "fulfilment of needs" would be "bigger principles", as well. Thus, I don´t agree with the hidden assertion that your position is a position of values and principles, and mine is not.
The question is not "Values or not?", but "Which values?".

I'd say my values are higher because they are relevant whether I am alive or not. I don't mean that in a condescending way, I'm just explaining my thoughts, and I may be wrong.

Yes, I think it is a belief. I do not think it can be a truth claim.

If I say 'This pen I'm holding exists', is that a belief? Is it a truth claim?

I'm say that psychological, that phrase and 'God exists' tend to be the same.

I understood that. I just don´t agree. :)
If I knew that God existed or didn´t exist I wouldn´t have to hold a respective belief.
"Beliefs" are held in the realm of possibilities, in the absence of knowledge.

Well obviously we use the word 'belief differently. I think beliefs are things we consider true. Ie: I believe that I'm typing on a laptop.

What word do you use for truth claims?

"I believe that God exists" isn´t.
And, personally, I take every "God exists" for "I believe God exists", in the same way as I take "blue is better than red" as "I believe blue is better than red."

You don't think that "I believe God exists" means "I think it's true that God exists"?

I think most people who speak English would disagree with you. That's how they use English. You might disagree with their use of English, but psychologically they mean the same thing in the minds of the speakers.

I think we are talking past each other because we aren't using the same definitions.

With my friends, I am known for having the habit of occasionally shredding a song into pieces with intellectual arguments, with the result "This song is a worthless piece of crap.". Everyone involved know that this is just another way of saying "I don´t like this song", and that the intellectual part is just a post-hoc rationalization.

Ok, but many people actually think it's true that a God exists.

Well, you don´t know that they are not real, do you?
So this doesn´t seem to be the appropriate way of going about this. It´s mere question begging.

But they could be false, so I can just withhold judgement.

And, while I am at humouring you in responding to off topic questions :p , I will answer to this, as well:

In my opinion the question "Does a perfectly moral God exist?" merely pretends to be an epistemic question, while actually it is an unfortunate combination of an epistemic and a moral question.
The epistemic question would be: "Does a God exist?". Moral judgements about this God are an entirely different matter.
It would be like asking "Does a beautiful Paradoxum exist?". In the interest of a proper approach, I would much prefer to keep the questions "Does Paradoxum exist?", and - upon having answered this question yes - "Is she beautiful?" separate.

Someone doesn't have to exist to think she's beautiful. You could have a Photoshop created picture. If you are asked if she's beautiful, whether or not she's real, you could answer that.

Whether or not God is real, you can answer whether God is possibly perfectly moral, based on the state of the world. You don't need to answer the epistemic question first.

:)
 
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Paradoxum

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You don't seem to understand uncertainty. One can be certain that God does or doesn't exist, and in that case one must be true to those beliefs to be truthful. I'm not addressing those issues, only the case of someone who is uncertain whether or not God exists. When uncertain, one must choose whether to live consistently with one belief or the other, and either choice is equally honest, puts equal value on truth, and either could be right or wrong. I'm stating that my values would favor choosing the theistic lifestyle in such a case.

I'd say that acting consistently with not being sure means lacking the belief. Lacking a belief is the default. So you don't need to take sides.

If you think you have evidence for God, and against God, I'd be somewhat sympathetic towards someone taking a side though.

Study philosophical utilitarianism. The word utilitarian does not have the same connotation in that context as it does colloquially.

Considering my degree is in Philosophy (including ethics), I hope that's the definition I'm thinking of.

But my question still stands... why do you think an atheist must be utilitarian, rather than follow some other moral theory?

Yes, I accept that you may have good reasons for your belief and can respect that. Just had to mention that skepticism does not automatically have disinterested motives, it can gratify personal desires as much as belief can, depending on one's situation. I do encourage self-examination, to cultivate mindfulness of one's motives and openness to other possibilities. Consider that there may be good evidence for theism that you haven't come across yet, so just stay open enough that if you do in the future you won't ignore it. I sometimes consider what would happen if various other beliefs turn out to be true, I think that's healthy to do.

I open I'd be open to belief, but if there is a traditional Christian God, I don't see why we don't all know that now anyway. Why doesn't he make himself constantly know to all, and heal the sick?

Again, if one is uncertain either option could turn out to be the real life. if one option helps you attain your values better it's the more practical choice, and valuing truth is equal either way.

Though you could without judgement, rather than taking sides. I'd say that's more consistent.

True. In the same way, there is no 'Holy book of Theism.' Usually people who commit violence in the name of god have political or other motives in reality. And particular religious sects may teach violence, like extremist Islam, in the same way that particular atheistic ideologies may, as in Marxist advocation of violent class struggles.

I think religion plays a big part in the violence, in that it's a prime motivator for it. Atheism doesn't motivate Marxism.

Some pleasures are deeper than others. Your reasoning could be used to disparage art and fiction; many of our deepest pleasures involve imagining things that are not real. How deep a pleasure is can be subjective, I'm just giving my perception.

I'm not saying pleasure is bad. Fiction is enjoyable, but you don't have to think it actually happened to enjoy it.

True. I'd give it a mid-level rating on depth.

Fair enough.

yeah, personality has only a secondary role in affecting our beliefs, experiences and background have more.
:)
[/QUOTE]

:thumbsup:
 
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Eudaimonist

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When I said without God one's values must be strictly utilitarian, I meant it in the philosophical sense, illustrated in the words of John Stuart Mill: "the greatest good for the greatest number", or in Sam Harris' words: "whatever is farthest from the worst possible misery for everyone."

Say what? :confused: :doh:

There are many atheists out there who favor virtue ethics, deontology, or some other non-Utilitarian view. I personally am very anti-Utilitarianism.

Just because Sam Harris favors a form of Utilitarianism (assuming he does) doesn't mean that all atheists are required to be Utilitarians. I can't imagine why you would think that this position among all the possibilities out there is an ethical inevitability.


eudaimonia,

Mark
 
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2PhiloVoid

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Well that's probably true. In what way do you think my epistemology and metaphysics are lacking? And is that different from your disagreeing with me?

Truthfully, I can't say fully how you may be lacking since I haven't seen everything you've said. But, from just the 'inklings' that I have seen, it seems that you ...(how do I say this without being a jerk)...you seem to harbor on Evidentialism and Foundationalism without having wrestled with the intricacies of their respective superstructures (which basically means I'm not sure you've studied their strengths and weaknesses as epistemological positions.) [Maybe you have, and I'm just to dense to see it. :)]

If evidence includes reasoning, what is the weakness of having good reasons for beliefs?
Nothing wrong, but human reasoning can only carry us just so far (ala Kant). I'm not posturing a dichotomy between reasoning or the lack thereof. Rather, I'm suggesting that human reason is great and wonderful, but when dealing with the 'God Question,' it won't get us far if we a dealing with a Being who happens to be Sovereign and whose essence itself is inverted from what can usually be encountered at a humanly empirical level.

I have no idea if that's a good thing or not. :D
It can be both. ;)
 
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Percivale

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I'd say that acting consistently with not being sure means lacking the belief. Lacking a belief is the default. So you don't need to take sides.

If you think you have evidence for God, and against God, I'd be somewhat sympathetic towards someone taking a side though.
I'm doubtful anyone who's studied the issue can believe otherwise. There are many arguments that different people have found convincing and caused a change in belief in both directions
Considering my degree is in Philosophy (including ethics), I hope that's the definition I'm thinking of.

But my question still stands... why do you think an atheist must be utilitarian, rather than follow some other moral theory?
I guess I jumped to conclusions. I'm just a philosophy (grad) student, and am reading about utilitarianism and the misconceptions people have had about it. Can you list the other options?

I open I'd be open to belief, but if there is a traditional Christian God, I don't see why we don't all know that now anyway. Why doesn't he make himself constantly know to all, and heal the sick?
I think there are some problems with the traditional, or at least fundamentalist conceptions of God. It seems pretty clear to me that he is following a version of the Prime Directive (Star Trek). And the traditional view of heaven and hell is pretty bad.

Though you could without judgement, rather than taking sides. I'd say that's more consistent.
In theory, but in practice sometimes you have to make one choice or the other. I suppose one can be mentally withholding judgment and still doing religious activities.


I think religion plays a big part in the violence, in that it's a prime motivator for it. Atheism doesn't motivate Marxism.
Marxism is to atheism as specific religions are to theism. The umbrella belief has much less impact on action than the specific one. And human nature is there in either case.
 
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Percivale

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Say what? :confused: :doh:

There are many atheists out there who favor virtue ethics, deontology, or some other non-Utilitarian view. I personally am very anti-Utilitarianism.

Just because Sam Harris favors a form of Utilitarianism (assuming he does) doesn't mean that all atheists are required to be Utilitarians. I can't imagine why you would think that this position among all the possibilities out there is an ethical inevitability.


eudaimonia,

Mark

I have some trouble seeing validity in alternatives to utilitarianism regardless of one's beliefs about God actually, though whether you belief in God, or in an afterlife, affects how you would apply utilitarianism. Are there non-utilitarian views of ethics that are neither relativistic nor based on divine commands?
 
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Davian

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Truthfully, I can't say fully how you may be lacking since I haven't seen everything you've said. But, from just the 'inklings' that I have seen, it seems that you ...(how do I say this without being a jerk)...you seem to harbor on Evidentialism and Foundationalism without having wrestled with the intricacies of their respective superstructures (which basically means I'm not sure you've studied their strengths and weaknesses as epistemological positions.) [Maybe you have, and I'm just to dense to see it. :)]

Nothing wrong, but human reasoning can only carry us just so far (ala Kant). I'm not posturing a dichotomy between reasoning or the lack thereof. Rather, I'm suggesting that human reason is great and wonderful, but when dealing with the 'God Question,' it won't get us far if we a dealing with a Being who happens to be Sovereign and whose essence itself is inverted from what can usually be encountered at a humanly empirical level.
...
That begs the question: How do you know that?
 
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Chany

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I have some trouble seeing validity in alternatives to utilitarianism regardless of one's beliefs about God actually, though whether you belief in God, or in an afterlife, affects how you would apply utilitarianism. Are there non-utilitarian views of ethics that are neither relativistic nor based on divine commands?

Various forms of virtue ethics.

Deontological ethics.

Rights based ethics.

Social-contract theory.

Though unpopular, hedonistic egoism, from people like Epicurus, is an option.

Heck, even hedonistic utilitarianism is just a subset of consequentialism. There are different forms of utilitarianism as well, defining utility.in different ways.

There are probably more that I forgot.
 
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Eudaimonist

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Are there non-utilitarian views of ethics that are neither relativistic nor based on divine commands?

Yes, certainly. Plenty of them.

I'm not promising you that you will agree that they are valid, but they certainly exist. I gravitate towards virtue ethics.


eudaimonia,

Mark
 
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Percivale

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I like virtue ethics too. It fits nicely under the umbrella of utilitarianism, improves personal well-being. Even deontology does, in pragmatic way, since having specific commands to follow helps those who are less philosophical or intelligent generally do the right thing. Hopefully those rules they follow will have been made by a utilitarian. Social contracts are relativistic, therefore not an ultimate foundation of ethics, though a helpful part of applying them.
 
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Chany

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I like virtue ethics too. It fits nicely under the umbrella of utilitarianism, improves personal well-being. Even deontology does, in pragmatic way, since having specific commands to follow helps those who are less philosophical or intelligent generally do the right thing. Hopefully those rules they follow will have been made by a utilitarian. Social contracts are relativistic, therefore not an ultimate foundation of ethics, though a helpful part of applying them.

I don't think you understand the difference between deontological ethics and utilitarianism.

I'll use traditional Kantian ethics. Acts must be universalizable; they must be applicable to all rational agents regardless of the context. Another way of looking at this is to say that humans beings can never be used solely as an means to an end. Again, this applies in all circumstances to all rational agents and can never be morally disregarded. Ever.

Utilitarianism, on the other hand, ultimately cares only about the end consequences. All acts are inherently nuetral; the consequences are all that matter. I'll use classical hedonistic utilitarianism. In this system, all that matters that your act maximizes utility. As long as you keep the total aggregate happiness maximized, you are moral. It doesn't matter what you have to do to maximize it; what you have to sacrifice, who you have to kill, it doesn't matter.

Let's take the classic trolley case. For this case, everyone's utility value throughout their life is equal: all the people on the track will produce the same amount of happiness over their lifetimes.

According Kantian ethics, you cannot flip the switch to save five people by redirecting the trolley towards the one person. You would be using that single person's life as a means to an end. Killing a person in such a manner is immoral under Kantian ethics, and, thus, anyone following Kantian ethics ought not to flip the switch.

Utilitarianism, on the other hand, mandates you flip the switch. You must kill that one person to save five.

Kantian deontological ethics and utilitarianism are in incompatible. They cannot coexist.

An atheist can follow Kantian deontological ethics, or even another form of deontological ethics.

Therefore, an atheist does not need to be a utilitarian.
 
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2PhiloVoid

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That begs the question: How do you know that?

"That" begs the question? You'll need to be a little more specific regarding which aspect of my response to Paradoxum you find questionable, Davian. :zoro:
 
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Paradoxum

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Truthfully, I can't say fully how you may be lacking since I haven't seen everything you've said. But, from just the 'inklings' that I have seen, it seems that you ...(how do I say this without being a jerk)...you seem to harbor on Evidentialism and Foundationalism without having wrestled with the intricacies of their respective superstructures (which basically means I'm not sure you've studied their strengths and weaknesses as epistemological positions.) [Maybe you have, and I'm just to dense to see it. :)]

Well what do you think are some weaknesses of those positions? :)

Nothing wrong, but human reasoning can only carry us just so far (ala Kant). I'm not posturing a dichotomy between reasoning or the lack thereof. Rather, I'm suggesting that human reason is great and wonderful, but when dealing with the 'God Question,' it won't get us far if we a dealing with a Being who happens to be Sovereign and whose essence itself is inverted from what can usually be encountered at a humanly empirical level.

Maybe there is a being vaguely like what might call God, but that God doesn't seem to be the traditional Christian one, in my opinion. It's that God which we tend to talk about.

It can be both. ;)

:D

I guess I jumped to conclusions. I'm just a philosophy (grad) student, and am reading about utilitarianism and the misconceptions people have had about it. Can you list the other options?

Human rights based arguments, or other consequentialist ethical theories. I'm not sure I'd say my ethics are utilitarian, though I'm not sure what category they would go under.

I think there are some problems with the traditional, or at least fundamentalist conceptions of God. It seems pretty clear to me that he is following a version of the Prime Directive (Star Trek). And the traditional view of heaven and hell is pretty bad.

In my opinion, God not healing people who suffer greatly woud be greatly immoral. Just saying.

In theory, but in practice sometimes you have to make one choice or the other. I suppose one can be mentally withholding judgment and still doing religious activities.

I'm not sure why would act religious is you aren't believing in that religion.

Marxism is to atheism as specific religions are to theism. The umbrella belief has much less impact on action than the specific one. And human nature is there in either case.

I'd think you can be Marxist and theist. :)
 
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Davian

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"That" begs the question? You'll need to be a little more specific regarding which aspect of my response to Paradoxum you find questionable, Davian. :zoro:

...

Nothing wrong, but human reasoning can only carry us just so far (ala Kant). I'm not posturing a dichotomy between reasoning or the lack thereof. Rather, I'm suggesting that human reason is great and wonderful, but when dealing with the 'God Question,' it won't get us far if we a dealing with a Being who happens to be Sovereign and whose essence itself is inverted from what can usually be encountered at a humanly empirical level.
...
(my bold)

That begs the question: How do you know that?

Could we not also say that "it won't get us far if we are dealing with a Being that is entirely imaginary"?
 
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2PhiloVoid

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(my bold)

That begs the question: How do you know that?

Could we not also say that "it won't get us far if we are dealing with a Being that is entirely imaginary"?

You could say that; but that would also be begging the question.:zoro:
 
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