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Objective morality, Evidence for God's existence

Davian

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I find it ironic that many internet infidels are unaware that no naturalist or secular humanist when debating this topic will deny premise (2), but rather focus their argument on the ontological basis of objective morality.
Another one of your "unsubstantiated quips", as you call them.
I guess this is to be expected. And just to think, I was hoping someone would be capable of defending the naturalistic view with some sort of proficiency.:puff:
Not your strawman version of it, no.

Wiccan Child has answered your question succinctly.
 
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quatona

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Is it ever permissible to rape a child?

I will save you the trouble. The answer is no. The answer is no regardless what anyone or any group of people say or believe.

This is an objective moral value judgment. It is an objective moral obligation to protect young children.
Your opinion is noted.
Now already start to substantiate what renders your opinion objective.

No one in their right mind would say that it is ever permissible to rape a young child.
By standards of your own definition of "objective" it is completely irrelevant for your point how many or few people hold which opinion about it and what their state of mind is.

That´s a nice catch there, btw.:
Let me try it, too.
No one in their right mind would say that Elioenai is right.
 
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Elioenai26

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Everyone here has missed the whole point of the moral argument. The moral argument does not state that atheists cannot be moral. The moral argument does not state that atheists cannot make moral judgments or act morally. It does not say that at all.

The moral argument simply states that we all hold that actions such as those of Adam Lanza at Sandy Hook School are really evil and morally reprehensible. All of us when we heard of the shooting of the little ones recoiled in horror and revulsion.

No one that I know of flippantly dismissed his actions as being the manifestations of his socio-biologically evolved genes. Not one atheist or naturalistic scientist dared to say that what he did was simply socially disadvantageous.

On these forums, many naturalists tend to divorce their views from reality. It is as if they live in a lofty Ivory Palace separated from the reality of human misery, and pain and simply dismiss moral intuition as nothing more than a series of chemical reactions in the brain fostered by evolution. But when massacres occur and evil that men are capable of rears its ugly head, the scientists and atheists are conspicuously silent.....

Why is that? Why are they not on television defending Adam Lanza? If Adama Lanza is simply dancing to his DNA as Dawkins would put it, and if nothing is really "good" or "bad", but only socially or culturally advantageous or disadvantageous to survival and reproduction, why can we not simply say that Adam Lanza was simply acting in accordance with what he thought was socially advantageous for him? What if Adam Lanza in his mind, was convinced that it was socially advantageous for his immediate family that he do what he did? In his mind he very well may have thought that to eliminate as many of the weak and defenseless in his immediate surroundings would be advantageouss to his clan, no different than the way many wild animals that unquestionably kill members of their species behave. Male lions sometimes slaughter all the cubs when they join a new pride; rival ant colonies of the same species fight bloody wars; chimpanzees have been shown to kill each other at similar per capita rates to humans.

Since on naturalism we are of no more intrinsic worth or value than an ant, and since sharks eat other sharks and since crows hesitate not to ravish a Robin's nest, and since great white males forcefully copulate with female sharks and since Lions kill Gazelles without flinching, why say that Adam Lanza's actions were really wrong and evil? On naturlism you cannot say that they were.

In order to stay true to one's atheistic naturalistic schema, one must confess that what Adam Lanza, or Adolph Hitler, or Jeffrey Dahmer, or any other repugnant character did in history, they did because they were acting in accordance with their predetermined genetic makeup fostered by the theoretical natural process of evolution by natrual selection. Since this genetic composition was predetermined, this prohibits any type of culpability for their actions and also prohibits any type of moral judgment being made against them. They were ultimately no different than the Some insects who eat their partner after mating, such as the Preying Mantis and the Black Widow Spider. No different than animals, such as lions, who have been known to kill offspring from the same species if it is not their own progeny. Or like the tiger shark who will eat its siblings before being born, and many monkeys, while the same species, will kill other monkeys from rival troupes.

In all of the above, we would not maintain that monkeys or lions or spiders had committed "murder", nor would we say they had committed an "atrocity" or a "moral evil". We do not hold criminal trials for sharks when they forcefully copulate with another shark, because we dont consider that to be "rape".

The whole moral argument boils down to this:

Naturalists and atheists cannot on one hand say that we are merely homosapian cousins of our primate relatives, and on the other, maintain that they have a naturalistic basis for making moral judgments. Nor can they say that we humans are simply more evolved than primates, for as Davian pointed out, the theory of evolution by natural selection makes no distinction of "more evolved", or "less evolved". Animals do not make moral judgments nor do we make moral judgments against them. In order for the naturalist to make moral judgmments, he must borrow from the theistic worldview which maintains that every person was created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness - The Declaration of Independence

So you see, whenever someone here like Skavau makes a moral judgment like, "God is contemptible", he is borrowing from the very theistic worldview he is trying to repudiate, and is found in a self-defeating position.

It is the low view of humanity fostered by the godless in societies who want us to believe we are nothing but elaborate star-dust particles organized by chance according to an unguided, blind naturalistic theoretical process which cultivates attitudes and ideas which manifest themselves in reprehensible acts that are becoming all too common place in our day and age.

The irony is that the naturalist sees himself as a champion of human liberty and self-fulfillment. This amounts to the blind leading the blind.....Will they not both fall into a ditch?
 
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Archaeopteryx

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Everyone here has missed the whole point of the moral argument. The moral argument does not state that atheists cannot be moral. The moral argument does not state that atheists cannot make moral judgments or act morally. It does not say that at all.

The moral argument simply states that we all hold that actions such as those of Adam Lanza at Sandy Hook School are really evil and morally reprehensible. All of us when we heard of the shooting of the little ones recoiled in horror and revulsion.

No one that I know of flippantly dismissed his actions as being the manifestations of his socio-biologically evolved genes. Not one atheist or naturalistic scientist dared to say that what he did was simply socially disadvantageous.

On these forums, many naturalists tend to divorce their views from reality. It is as if they live in a lofty Ivory Palace separated from the reality of human misery, and pain and simply dismiss moral intuition as nothing more than a series of chemical reactions in the brain fostered by evolution. But when massacres occur and evil that men are capable of rears its ugly head, the scientists and atheists are conspicuously silent.....

Conspicuously silent? You haven't been following the people I've been following...

Why is that? Why are they not on television defending Adam Lanza? If Adama Lanza is simply dancing to his DNA as Dawkins would put it, and if nothing is really "good" or "bad", but only socially or culturally advantageous or disadvantageous to survival and reproduction, why can we not simply say that Adam Lanza was simply acting in accordance with what he thought was socially advantageous for him? What if Adam Lanza in his mind, was convinced that it was socially advantageous for his immediate family that he do what he did? In his mind he very well may have thought that to eliminate as many of the weak and defenseless in his immediate surroundings would be advantageouss to his clan, no different than the way many wild animals that unquestionably kill members of their species behave. Male lions sometimes slaughter all the cubs when they join a new pride; rival ant colonies of the same species fight bloody wars; chimpanzees have been shown to kill each other at similar per capita rates to humans.

Since on naturalism we are of no more intrinsic worth or value than an ant, and since sharks eat other sharks and since crows hesitate not to ravish a Robin's nest, and since great white males forcefully copulate with female sharks and since Lions kill Gazelles without flinching, why say that Adam Lanza's actions were really wrong and evil? On naturlism you cannot say that they were.

In order to stay true to one's atheistic naturalistic schema, one must confess that what Adam Lanza, or Adolph Hitler, or Jeffrey Dahmer, or any other repugnant character did in history, they did because they were acting in accordance with their predetermined genetic makeup fostered by the theoretical natural process of evolution by natrual selection. Since this genetic composition was predetermined, this prohibits any type of culpability for their actions and also prohibits any type of moral judgment being made against them.

Your logical fallacy is strawman

The whole moral argument boils down to this:
Naturalists and atheists cannot on one hand say that we are merely homosapian cousins of our primate relatives, and on the other, maintain that they have a naturalistic basis for making moral judgments. Nor can they say that we humans are simply more evolved than primates, for as Davian pointed out, the theory of evolution by natural selection makes no distinction of "more evolved", or "less evolved". Animals do not make moral judgments nor do we make moral judgments against them.

From The Tell-Tale Brain:
V.S. Ramachandran said:
Humans are apes. So too we are mammals. We are vertebrates. We are pulpy, throbbing colonies of tens of trillions of cells. We are all of these things, but we are not "merely" these things. And we are, in addition, to all these things, something unique, something unprecedented, something transcendent. We are something truly new under the sun, with uncharted and perhaps limitless potential.

In order for the naturalist to make moral judgmments, he must borrow from the theistic worldview which maintains that every person was created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness - The Declaration of Independence

He doesn't have to borrow anything from theism. You are assuming that the only way one can make moral claims is by first presupposing theism.

It is the low view of humanity fostered by the godless in societies who want us to believe we are nothing but elaborate star-dust particles organized by chance according to an unguided, blind naturalistic theoretical process which cultivates attitudes and ideas which manifest themselves in reprehensible acts that are becoming all too common place in our day and age.

The low view? From the same book:

V.S. Ramachandran said:
Especially awe inspiring is the fact that any single brain, including yours, is made up of atoms that were forged in the hearts of countless, far-flung stars billions of years ago. These particles drifted for eons and light-years until gravity and chance brought them together here, now. These atoms now form a conglomerate - your brain - that can not only ponder the very stars that gave it birth but can also think about its own ability to think and wonder about its own ability to wonder. With the arrival of humans, it has been said, the universe has suddenly become conscious of itself. This, truly, is the greatest mystery of all.
 
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Elioenai26

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Ramachandran is eloquent no doubt, but his eloquence is based on wishful thinking at best, for it ignores the cold, brute, and hard fact that under atheism, the universe is a cold, vast, empty, and ultimately meaningless entity that is ever so rapidly approaching its death. Any meaning, and significance that men would like to attribute to themselves is ultimately illusory. It is like a fairytale or a bedtime story spoken to an unknowing child. You can embellish it and dress it up all you want, but ultimately, that fairytale clashes head-on with the stark nightmare of the uncaring reality of meaninglessness.

But in using Rama's work, you have also insinuated that ultimately, meaning is what humans make it out to be. So if it is meaningful for some to live a life centered on making others miserable, who are you to say otherwise?
 
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Paradoxum

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The whole moral argument boils down to this:

Naturalists and atheists cannot on one hand say that we are merely homosapian cousins of our primate relatives, and on the other, maintain that they have a naturalistic basis for making moral judgments.

Why can't we be evolved and yet make objective moral judgements?

Nor can they say that we humans are simply more evolved than primates, for as Davian pointed out, the theory of evolution by natural selection makes no distinction of "more evolved", or "less evolved". Animals do not make moral judgments nor do we make moral judgments against them.

Because animals don't have the mental capacities needed for them to be moral agents.

In order for the naturalist to make moral judgmments, he must borrow from the theistic worldview which maintains that every person was created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness - The Declaration of Independence

I believe persons have rights (in some sense), but they don't need to come from God.

It is the low view of humanity fostered by the godless in societies who want us to believe we are nothing but elaborate star-dust particles organized by chance according to an unguided, blind naturalistic theoretical process which cultivates attitudes and ideas which manifest themselves in reprehensible acts that are becoming all too common place in our day and age.

What does it mean to say that we are nothing but star dust? It is a beautiful idea. We are more than our atoms.

The irony is that the naturalist sees himself as a champion of human liberty and self-fulfillment. This amounts to the blind leading the blind.....Will they not both fall into a ditch?

I don't know if you consider me a naturalist, but I would say secular humanism is the way forwards for morality, liberty, equality, community, and justice.
 
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quatona

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Everyone here has missed the whole point of the moral argument. The moral argument does not state that atheists cannot be moral. The moral argument does not state that atheists cannot make moral judgments or act morally. It does not say that at all.

The moral argument simply states that we all hold that actions such as those of Adam Lanza at Sandy Hook School are really evil and morally reprehensible. All of us when we heard of the shooting of the little ones recoiled in horror and revulsion.

No one that I know of flippantly dismissed his actions as being the manifestations of his socio-biologically evolved genes. Not one atheist or naturalistic scientist dared to say that what he did was simply socially disadvantageous.

On these forums, many naturalists tend to divorce their views from reality. It is as if they live in a lofty Ivory Palace separated from the reality of human misery, and pain and simply dismiss moral intuition as nothing more than a series of chemical reactions in the brain fostered by evolution. But when massacres occur and evil that men are capable of rears its ugly head, the scientists and atheists are conspicuously silent.....

Why is that? Why are they not on television defending Adam Lanza? If Adama Lanza is simply dancing to his DNA as Dawkins would put it, and if nothing is really "good" or "bad", but only socially or culturally advantageous or disadvantageous to survival and reproduction, why can we not simply say that Adam Lanza was simply acting in accordance with what he thought was socially advantageous for him? What if Adam Lanza in his mind, was convinced that it was socially advantageous for his immediate family that he do what he did? In his mind he very well may have thought that to eliminate as many of the weak and defenseless in his immediate surroundings would be advantageouss to his clan, no different than the way many wild animals that unquestionably kill members of their species behave. Male lions sometimes slaughter all the cubs when they join a new pride; rival ant colonies of the same species fight bloody wars; chimpanzees have been shown to kill each other at similar per capita rates to humans.

Since on naturalism we are of no more intrinsic worth or value than an ant, and since sharks eat other sharks and since crows hesitate not to ravish a Robin's nest, and since great white males forcefully copulate with female sharks and since Lions kill Gazelles without flinching, why say that Adam Lanza's actions were really wrong and evil? On naturlism you cannot say that they were.

In order to stay true to one's atheistic naturalistic schema, one must confess that what Adam Lanza, or Adolph Hitler, or Jeffrey Dahmer, or any other repugnant character did in history, they did because they were acting in accordance with their predetermined genetic makeup fostered by the theoretical natural process of evolution by natrual selection. Since this genetic composition was predetermined, this prohibits any type of culpability for their actions and also prohibits any type of moral judgment being made against them. They were ultimately no different than the Some insects who eat their partner after mating, such as the Preying Mantis and the Black Widow Spider. No different than animals, such as lions, who have been known to kill offspring from the same species if it is not their own progeny. Or like the tiger shark who will eat its siblings before being born, and many monkeys, while the same species, will kill other monkeys from rival troupes.

In all of the above, we would not maintain that monkeys or lions or spiders had committed "murder", nor would we say they had committed an "atrocity" or a "moral evil". We do not hold criminal trials for sharks when they forcefully copulate with another shark, because we dont consider that to be "rape".

The whole moral argument boils down to this:

Naturalists and atheists cannot on one hand say that we are merely homosapian cousins of our primate relatives, and on the other, maintain that they have a naturalistic basis for making moral judgments. Nor can they say that we humans are simply more evolved than primates, for as Davian pointed out, the theory of evolution by natural selection makes no distinction of "more evolved", or "less evolved". Animals do not make moral judgments nor do we make moral judgments against them. In order for the naturalist to make moral judgmments, he must borrow from the theistic worldview which maintains that every person was created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness - The Declaration of Independence

So you see, whenever someone here like Skavau makes a moral judgment like, "God is contemptible", he is borrowing from the very theistic worldview he is trying to repudiate, and is found in a self-defeating position.

It is the low view of humanity fostered by the godless in societies who want us to believe we are nothing but elaborate star-dust particles organized by chance according to an unguided, blind naturalistic theoretical process which cultivates attitudes and ideas which manifest themselves in reprehensible acts that are becoming all too common place in our day and age.

The irony is that the naturalist sees himself as a champion of human liberty and self-fulfillment. This amounts to the blind leading the blind.....Will they not both fall into a ditch?
Uh-oh, the melt-down came sooner than I expected.
 
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Elioenai26

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Why can't we be evolved and yet make objective moral judgements?

For the simple fact that if on naturalism, evolution is true, then we would never be able to step outside of the biological processes to make moral judgments on other people whose existence is also dependent upon socio-biological pressures and processes.

You see my dear, under naturalism, lets say person (A) takes the life of person (B) because he is hungry and wants the food in person (B's) possession. The existence of both (A) and (B) is due to evolution by natural selection. Now, if you were to make a judgement of a "moral" nature regarding this incident, you would have to appeal to some standard of morality that is above and beyond the natural, because (A) and (B) are entities that are natural. You see, as long as you appeal to some built-in sense of morality that is natural, you cannot legitimately adjudicate between the two (A) and (B). Why? For all (A) would have to say is that he was acting in accordance with his evolved traits which had programmed him to seek food for the sustenance of his body. He would be justified because under the theory of evolution by natural selection, humans are created with the inborn sense that hunger pains need to be satisfied by food. It is natural in otherwords for the man to seek to procure food to sustain himself. Therefore, as long as we are products of the T.E.N.S. ourselves, no one would have any standard to appeal to to say that this act was "morally wrong". According to the T.E.N.S, morality is an illusion fostered inside of us via chemical reactions in the brain to aid in our survival, so in the case of (A) according to the T.E.N.S, he was actually doing what was socio-biologically "right". But my dear, the moment you seek to make a judgment upon the man (A), you must step outside of the T.E.N.S. and appeal to a standard which is above and beyond the T.E.N.S, i.e., above and beyond the natural i.e. the supernatural or ultramundane. If you do not appeal to a supernatural moral standard of obective right and wrong, then you are bound to forever stay within the socio-biological machinations of the T.E.N.S., and since the T.E.N.S. is focused ultimately only on survival and reproduction, then whatever happens within the T.E.N.S. is a result of the T.E.N.S. and is therefore the ends is justified by the means. Therefore (A) was justified in killing the man for his food.

But my dear, we all know that in our lives, when we see a man kill another man for his food, we do not dismiss it as an act of self-preservation and self-perpetuation. We make moral judgments. We make them because we all know that it it is objectively wrong to do such a thing. To make such a judgment, you must borrow from the theistic view that each person is of infinite intrinsic worth and value.

Any questions?
 
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Gadarene

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Ramachandran is eloquent no doubt, but his eloquence is based on wishful thinking at best, for it ignores the cold, brute, and hard fact that under atheism, the universe is a cold, vast, empty, and ultimately meaningless entity that is ever so rapidly approaching its death. Any meaning, and significance that men would like to attribute to themselves is ultimately illusory. It is like a fairytale or a bedtime story spoken to an unknowing child. You can embellish it and dress it up all you want, but ultimately, that fairytale clashes head-on with the stark nightmare of the uncaring reality of meaninglessness.

To someone asserting without evidence that a deity exists and only through a deity can meaning exist, of course.

But those assertions require justification first.

At the very least, humans exist and humans find their actions and the actions of others meaningful.

Perhaps if you want to get somewhere you should justify your assertions?

But in using Rama's work, you have also insinuated that ultimately, meaning is what humans make it out to be. So if it is meaningful for some to live a life centered on making others miserable, who are you to say otherwise?

Because they're in the minority. Most people do not want to be gunned down for having done nothing at all, so society is structured around limiting that. It's not a matter of "who am i" - it's a simple consequence of such sociopathic behaviour being limited in occurrence.
 
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Elioenai26

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It's not a matter of "who am i" - it's a simple consequence of such sociopathic behaviour being limited in occurrence.

Sociopathic? How dare you sit in judgment upon your fellow cousin of the primates and homosapien brother? Who gave you the right to sit in judgment upon a fellow cousin of the primates who is simply dancing to his DNA? He kills with guns, you kill with words.... you both are simply doing what you naturally do....No??

:redcard:
 
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Gadarene

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Sociopathic? How dare you sit in judgment upon your fellow cousin of the primates and homosapien brother? Who gave you the right to sit in judgment upon a fellow man who is simply dancing to his DNA? He kills with guns, you kill with words.... you both are simply doing what you naturally do....No??

:redcard:

I kill with words? News to me.

You appear to have missed the point. Again. (Maybe if you stopped trying to be cute and paid attention, you might grasp it.)

The non-sociopathic outnumber the sociopathic. Which is why their tendencies are minimised. Again - the point which you seem ever intent on missing - even subjectivity can result in an overall consensus on right and wrong. If you define morality on a utilitarian basis, for example - then that's a basis which would produce a condemnation of mass murder. No god necessary.
 
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quatona

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Strawman.

There exists at least five main evidences for the existence of God.http://www.reasonablefaith.org
..but you created a thread about specifically one of these arguments.
Are we to conclude from your statement that you concede it doesn´t stand on its own legs and requires support of the other arguments?
 
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Elioenai26

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The non-sociopathic outnumber the sociopathic.

But you dont know that, in fact, according to your view, the word sociopathic just means someone who has a different arrangement of molecules and atoms than you do. His brain may function differently, but on naturalism, it is functioning according the T.E.N.S.

Which is why their tendencies are minimised. Again - the point which you seem ever intent on missing - even subjectivity can result in an overall consensus on right and wrong.

Right and wrong? Right and wrong on naturalism are simply illusions fostered within us to aid in our survival and reproduction. Some things are seen as right because and only because they foster communal bonds which in turn foster perpetuation of the species. Some things are seen as wrong because they hurt the perpetuation of the species. It all ends up with the same end, survival and reproduction. Right and wrong therefore exist only as an illusion generated by the T.E.N.S. with no objective constraining power. In order for you to say something is wrong even within the T.E.N.S., you would be saying that you somehow possesed omniscience, which I know you do not possess. So your whole point is simply not germane.

If you define morality on a utilitarian basis, for example - then that's a basis which would produce a condemnation of mass murder. No god necessary.

Who cares what you base it on? The naturalist is concerned ultimately with survival and reproduction and the T.E.N.S. determines the path of evolution.
 
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Elioenai26

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..but you created a thread about specifically one of these arguments.
Are we to conclude from your statement that you concede it doesn´t stand on its own legs and requires support of the other arguments?

You are hysterical!

I dont care what you concede. You can concede that a flying spaghetti monster lowered you down to earth with one of his noodle tentacles!

If you are so curious to know, the moral argument was championed by none other than......thats right...C.S. Lewis! How's that for irony?
 
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Skavau

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Elioenai26 said:
Who cares what you base it on? The naturalist is concerned ultimately with survival and reproduction and the T.E.N.S. determines the path of evolution.
We have discovered, quickly that we all survive if we don't kill each other for basic provisions. In fact, if we pool resources and work together we're more likely to survive easier and for much longer. Morality is not an individualistic thing. If you're looking at it like that then you're doing it wrong.
 
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Gadarene

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But you dont know that, in fact, according to your view the word sociopathic just means someone who has a different arrangement of molecules and atoms than you do. His brain may function differently, but on naturalism, it is functioning according the T.E.N.S.

Their brains may indeed be functioning differently - how does that stop us from evaluating whether their behaviour helps or harms people on the whole?

You also seem to treating the evolutionary explanation for morals in far too individualistic a manner. No-one who is espousing that explanation takes it to mean "well, anyone can do what they want because it's in their genes". All it means is that evolution can explain how we ended up with common morals, such as a prohibition on murder. If the majority of people aren't sociopathic, then sociopathic tendencies will be minimised.

And in the literal sense, socio-pathic tendency are precisely that - socially damaging. Tolerating murder at whim would destroy society.

Right and wrong? Right and wrong on naturalism are simply illusions fostered within us to aid in our survival and reproduction. Some things are seen as right because and only because they foster communal bonds which in turn foster perpetuation of the species. Some things are seen as wrong because they hurt the perpetuation of the species. It all ends up with the same end, survival and reproduction. Right and wrong therefore exist only as an illusion generated by the T.E.N.S. with no objective constraining power. In order for you to say something is wrong even within the T.E.N.S., you would be saying that you somehow possesed omniscience, which I know you do not possess. So your whole point is simply not germane.

So you agree that there exist some things that hurt perpetuation and some things that benefit perpetuation and yet claim that we can't claim things are right or wrong?

How, exactly, are we forbidden from doing that when you've just agreed that a basis by which one can determine right and wrong exists?! This is the utilitarian basis I just spoke of.

Who cares what you base it on? The naturalist is concerned ultimately with survival and reproduction and the T.E.N.S. determines the path of evolution.

It's a solution to the origin of the morals we have, which is a response to the problem - or at least shows that divine morals aren't the only game in town in terms of explaining the origin of morals.

As ever, it's telling that you're so keen to throw explanations such as utilitarianism out. Don't bother asking for explanations on the origins of morals and then ignore them when presented, and expect to be taken seriously. Such blatant intellectual dishonesty is unbecoming.
 
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Gadarene

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You are hysterical!

I dont care what you concede. You can concede that a flying spaghetti monster lowered you down to earth with one of his noodle tentacles!

If you are so curious to know, the moral argument was championed by none other than......thats right...C.S. Lewis! How's that for irony?

I always get mixed up on which mythical book with talking animals Lewis is referring to.
 
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