The evolution proponents who responded claimed the probability that evolution theory as an explanation for the diversity of life on the planet is virtually certain. However, when asked to substantiate that claim by some objective means, they could not. Therefore, their claims are subjective opinions, ie., they feel that the theory is true.
Surely you understand that asking for an objectively quantifiable probability regarding the validity of a scientific theory is a nonsensical ask to begin with?
I suspect you knew this going in and such asks were little more than a rhetorical trap. And your subsequent asks for people to objectively quantify their responses speaks to that.
no observable scientific evidence for macroevolution (that is, evolution from one distinct kind of organism into another) exists
Moot point since "kind" is not a thing in biology.
observable microevolution -- minor horizontal (or vertical downward changes) -- occur fairly often, but such changes are not true "vertical" evolution
What does "vertical" evolution mean?
paleontologists found themselves with major gaps in the fossil record, with no evidence of transformational intermediates between documented fossil species
There are numerous documented transitional or intermediary fossils found in the fossil record.
- the transition from spineless invertebrates to the first backboned fishes is still shrouded in mystery
- how some invertebrate creature in the ancient ocean, with all its "hard parts" on the outside, managed to evolve into the first vertebrate -- that is, the first fish-- with its hard parts all on the inside remains unexplained
Even if true, lack of knowledge of something specific to evolution does invalidate what we do know in respect of the same.
the patterns of evolution show that virtually all members of a biota remain basically stable, with minor fluctuations, throughout their durations
This entirely depends on what one is specifically talking about and how is qualifying stability and the time frames involved. Within contemporary biology, we do have examples of rapid evolution in species.
DNA sequence data provides no direct access to the processes of evolution, so objective reconstruction of the vanished past can be achieved only by creative imagination
Not true, since it's possible to test hypotheses regarding reconstructions of evolutionary events.
DNA and other genetic evidence as proof of evolution is often inconsistent with, not only the fossil record, but also with the comparative morphology of the creatures
You'll need to explain what you mean by this one.
Evolution theory remains largely an historical science with its inherent weaknesses. We cannot identify ancestors or "missing links," and we cannot devise testable theories to explain how particular episodes of evolution came about
None of this is really true.
Is it a coincidence that the correlation between non-believers and the proponents of evolution theory is extremely high? Is there a causality underlying that fact? If so, then in which direction does that causality run?
There's another explanation here. There is a correlation between understanding of biological evolution and science in general with its acceptance. Among creationists the understanding of evolution tends to be far weaker.
The correlation you should be looking at is that among religious belief and rejection of science.