No, modern Judaism is not the same as "Ancient Judaism", much as modern Christianity is not the same as 1st century Christianity. Religions and people develop over the centuries, and Judaism has had much longer than Christianity. That said, many of the Traditions, prayers, and aspects of the faith remain the same. Loosing the Temple and the community being scattered caused the faith to change from a primarily temple based system to scripture and prayer. Scripture and prayer were always a huge part of the faith, but the destruction of the Temple caused them to be an even larger part. The Synagogue services of today are a shadow of the Temple services of the 1st century.
Kabbalah is it's own subject, not all Jews accept it, or it is believed in varying degrees. The Talmud is a text that dates later than the Tanakh, but is worthwhile none the less for the authors contributions to the belief system, but even the "Talmud" is not a single unit. There is the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. While they may be newer than the written Law, they contain the Oral Law, much of which can be found in shadows of the faith in the written Law and passed down traditions, so the content (at least some of it) is actually ancient.