Then the title of your OP, "I dont[sic] think we can bring thoughts captive..." is not descriptive of what you're asking.
Of course we all have thoughts. The scripture never intimates anything different.
What the scripture does tell us is what to do with those thoughts;
..take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ.
No.What your doing is forgetting that we have the
mind of Christ,the false apostles did not.If you read the thoughts of the verse,Paul was going to take on the mentality of the unsaved,corrupt minds of the false ones.
Keep in mind.
WE have the knowledge of God,they did not.Paul was saying he would fight every corner of their argumants.It has to be.Paul knew he could not control their inner thought processes.But he would certainly make clear to all listeneing,that they were wolves in sheeps clothing.
Read it in other translations too.
NET ©and every arrogant obstacle 1that is raised up against the
knowledge of God, and we take every thought captive to make it obey Christ.
NIV
biblegateway 2Co 10:5
We demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the
knowledge of God, and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ.
NASB
biblegateway 2Co 10:5
We are destroying speculations and every lofty thing raised up against the knowledge of God, and
we are taking every thought captive to the obedience of Christ,
NLT
biblegateway 2Co 10:5
With these weapons we break down every proud argument that keeps people from knowing God. With these weapons we conquer their rebellious ideas, and we teach them to obey Christ.
MSG
biblegateway 2Co 10:5
We use our powerful God-tools for smashing warped philosophies, tearing down barriers erected against the truth of God, fitting every loose thought and emotion and impulse into the structure of life shaped by Christ.
BBE
SABDAweb 2Co 10:5
Putting an end to reasonings, and every high thing which is lifted up against the knowledge of God, and causing every thought to come under the authority of Christ;
NRSV
bibleoremus2Co 10:5
and every proud obstacle raised up against the knowledge of God, and we take every thought captive to obey Christ.
NKJV
biblegateway 2Co 10:5
casting down arguments and every high thing that exalts itself against the knowledge of God, bringing every thought into captivity to the obedience of Christ,