Thanks for the explanation. It does help me understand current thinking, I assume, of course, that this also applies to the Orthodox.
What I had found puzzling is that when I was growing up ages ago in a very Catholic city all of my Catholic friends kept telling me that I was assured going to hell because I was not Catholic and that only Catholics had the hope of heaven because there was no salvation outside of the Church.
In the 1960's with Vatican II and the ecumenical movement there were many changes, including a new openness to non-Catholic Christians. Now, I know that Vatican II was not on the level of an ex-cathedra statement. However, all the anathemas and bulls issued by the Pope against Protestants and the Orthodox in the past condemning them in very strong and unflattering terms to the fires of hell surely must mean something. So, my question is whether the Catholic church changed its mind or did God change His mind.
I've been confused about this as well
. One time i was talking to a Catholic about this and he said it was wrong to say that protestants are part of the Catholic Church (even though imperfectly / incompletely) but he still insisted that they could somehow get to Heaven becaus of their... well, he said something about how a person can be Catholic on the "inner forum" - the external forum being Actual Membership in the Roman Catholic Church. the inner forum is believing as Catholics do and i am not sure there is more to it than that or not (?)
Maybe i am one of the best persons to ask this question (despite my sometime-confusion) because i have been all over the board in my spirituality - and i am NOT all that young either

. I am a cradle Catholic, then i was "born again" (the Catholics call it filled with the Spirit), then i went 'astray' (though i have loved Jesus in my own imperfect way all my life). then my life "hit bottom" as they say and i lost all hope that God loved me,that he would ever take me back, that i would ever be "good enough" for Him. i prayed the rosary and that changed my whole perspective and my whole life.

i didn't
then go back to the Church, but eventually i did. When i found out that going to Mass on Sunday was mandatory, i got angry. I wanted to sleep in on my day off (although i was going fairly often anyhow) i called such a "rule" too "legalistic", a term i had heard from protestants here & there throughout my life. But i began to go to mass every Sunday anyhow. then i noticed people going to
daily Mass also so i tried that.
Words cannot say how much this benefited me.

As the Cure d'Ars (priest/saint) once said... something to the effect that All good works that man can do are not equal to the Mass because works are of man, while the Mass is the work of God.

i have found this to be TRUE!! from experience. I know i will never convince one who has not walked half a mile in my shoes, but it is TRUE!!
Anyway, then i went across "the board" in another direction; i had some bad experiences in the Church and sometimes thought i wanted out. I got SO angry sometimes at how Catholics didn't act the least bit like Christians (many long stories) But i will never leave because Jesus is there -
tangibly there, in His Church 24/7, waiting for us all
it just stands to reason that the devil would attack His Church