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Sometimes it is a smaller set of a population though sometimes also, right?
That's a good point, life becomes a lot more specific/complex over time, etc.
Whole populations over time, but not necessarily equally. That's where the "allele frequency" thing comes in. There is genetic diversity in the population and over time the proportions of individuals with specific gene variants changes. Some might be random, some might be from mate choice, some might be from selection with some variants giving advantages in the current environment. The population as a whole will change.
It happens all the time in all species including ours.
Certainly some individuals have failed because their genes were not "the good ones", but nature is rather indifferent to the fate of individuals. There are no guaranties.
Much of it is random, even when an advantage is possible. Studies have shown that even a tiny advantage can allow a positive gene variant to spread in the population.
It doesn't even have to be a chemical process. It's more of a biological one. But still, why do you think evolution only goes in a straight line? If a dog adapted to get gills, that would still be seen as a straightforward progression in the eyes of evolution, because evolution is about adaptation, period. You only think it's backwards because you believe all creatures originated from the sea ancestor and hence cannot return to that primordial state.
Is this because some of them are eliminated?
Was this because the other ones had an advantage? Or were given one all of the sudden?
Does it randomly spread? Or is it because of breeding or other reasons maybe, etc?
It does. But they die so don't reproduce as much and that selection of allele frequency does not continue.
And land dwelling creatures evolved to live in the sea. The most efficient was not to modify lungs to be gills but to improve their ability to hold their breath.
This is actually a false equivalence, believe it or not.
It could be that there is/was some kind of order to it, and life is meant to get more complex and/or specify or specialize over time, etc. Or IOW's for some kinds of changes, going back or backward may not be possible, etc. But of course, I don't know for sure about that though maybe? And there is really no way to test it or that either I don't think maybe, etc?
If the allele frequency did go the other way though, wouldn't it have been that that caused them to be at a disadvantage and die off, or not reproduce as much, whereas the ones that did not have an allele frequency change got to continue on in that case, etc?
All individuals are eventually eliminated, but some will reproduce. It is the genes of the reproducers that pass along.
I'm getting a little lost. You've used to many generic words (including pronouns) to track your thoughts clearly.
Genes propagate through a population by propagation to subsequent generations. A gene with a favorable effect can spread rapidly if those with it are strongly favored and fecund.
DNA isn't a "fact". It is a molecule. (That DNA is a molecule is an example of a fact.)
I guess what I'm trying to ultimately get at here, is some of you are saying that it's a populations gene change, but are also sometimes saying that those gene changes are only in some individuals, which are then propagated more so into the population than some others, and that this causes the whole population to change, so I guess I am the one who is getting a little bit confused here also, etc?
