Mayr, Ernst, Behavior Programs and Evolutionary Strategies, American Scientist, vol. 62 (November/December 1974), pp. 650-659.
p. 650
For the devout of past centuries such perfection of adaptation seemed to provide irrefutable proof of the wisdom of the Creator. For the modern biologist it is evidence for the remarkable effectiveness of natural selection.
Gould, Stephen Jay, and Niles Eldredge, Punctuated Equilibria: the Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered, Paleobiology, vol. 3 (Spring 1977), pp. 115-151.
p. 125
for most phylogenies based on fossils rely on flimsy data. Rather, we wish to demonstrate that most cases presented as falsifications of punctuated equilibria are circular because they rely,
not upon clear evidence, but upon the gradualistic presuppositions they claim to test.
Carson, Hampton L., Chromosomes and Species Formation, review of Models of Speciation by M.~J.~D. White (San Francisco: Freeman, 1978, 454 pp.), Evolution, vol. 32 (December 1978,) pp. 925 927. Carson is in the Genetics Department at the University of Hawaii.
p. 925
To a very large extent, the formation of a species is a phenomenon which has occurred in the past, so that the recognition of the events surrounding the actual division of an ancient gene pool cannot be directly observed. In all but a very small number of cases the biologist must become historian and deal with evidence for the past role of processes rather than deal with these processes in action in contemporary populations. The search for truly incipient species has been difficult and, to a considerable degree, frustrating.
Alters, Brian J., and William F. McComas, Punctuated Equilibrium: the Missing Link in Evolution Education, American Biology Teacher, vol. 56 (September 1994), pp. 334-340.
p. 337
Gould and Eldredge content that: Phyletic gradualism was an a priori assertion from the startit was never seen in the rocks; it expressed the culture and political bias of 19th century liberalism. By the same token, while many feel that punctuated equilibrium postulates how speciation occurs, its occurrence is not based on empirical evidence but on the apparent lack of evidencegaps in the fossil record
. Bodnar, Jones and Ellis suggested that one would not see intermediate forms in simple eukaryotes in the fossil record because there are no intermediate forms. A single mutation in a regulatory gene caused the change in one leap of evolutionary development.
Gould, Stephen Jay, Evolutions Erratic Pace, Natural History, vol. 86 (May 1977), pp. 12-16.
pp. 12-14
(Contrary to popular myths, Darwin and Lyell were not the heroes of true science, defending objectivity against the theological fantasies of such catastrophists as Cuvier and Buckland. Catastrophists were as committed to science as any gradualist; in fact, they adopted the more objective view that one should believe what one sees and not interpolate missing bits of a gradual record into a literal tale of rapid change.)
p. 14
The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. The evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils.
p. 14
Paleontologists have paid an exorbitant price for Darwins argument. We fancy ourselves as the only true students of lifes history, yet to preserve our favored account of evolution by natural selection we view our data as so bad that we never see the very process we profess to study.
More good stuff from gould leading evolutionist
ould, Stephen Jay, Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging? Paleobiology, vol. 6 (Winter 1980), pp. 119-130.
p. 122
Ever since Darwin called his book The Origin of Species, evolutionists have regarded the formation of reproductively isolated units by speciation as a fundamental process of large-scale change. Yet speciation occurs at too high a level to be observed directly in nature or produced by experiment in most cases. Therefore, theories of speciation have been based on analogy, extrapolation and inference.
p. 125
Thus, our model of punctuated equilibria holds that evolution is concentrated in events of speciation and that successful speciation is an infrequent event punctuating the stasis of large populations that do not alter in fundamental ways during the millions of years that they endure.
p. 126
Macroevolution is, as Stanley argues, decoupled from microevolution.
p. 127
The absence of fossil evidence for intermediary stages between major transitions in organic design, indeed our inability, even in our imagination, to construct functional intermediates in many cases, has been a persistent and nagging problem for gradualistic accounts of evolution.
OTHER EVOLUTIONISTS THEORIES CLASH >>>>>
Grant, Peter R., Speciation and the Adaptive Radiation of Darwins Finches, American Scientist, vol.~69 (November/December 1981), pp. 653-663.
p. 653
The frequent use in textbooks of these and other patterns of variation in Darwins finches belies the complexity of the evolutionary processes they illustrate, the ambiguities of the evidence, and the differences of opinion among biologists about just how these birds evolved.
Griffin, Donald R., A Possible Window on the Minds of Animals, American Scientist, vol. 64 (September/October 1976), pp. 530-535.
p. 530
Language has generally been regarded by linguists, psychologists, and philosophers as a unique human attribute, different in kind from animal communication. But one of the major criteria on which this distinction has been based is the assumption that animals lack any conscious intent to communicate, whereas men know what they are doing. Yet the available evidence is so limited and indirect that it can just as plausibly be interpreted to support the view that there is no qualitative dichotomy, but a large quantitative difference in complexity of signals and range of intentions.
p. 534
Likewise, paleontologists do their best to make sense out of the fossil record and sketch in evolutionary sequences or unfossilized morphologies without realistic hope of obtaining specific verification within the foreseeable future.
1981), pp. 173-176. Scadding was in the Zoology Department, at the University of Guelph.
p. 173
Abstract. An analysis of the difficulties in unambiguously identifying functionless structures and an analysis of the nature of the argument, leads to the conclusion that vestigial organs provide no evidence for evolutionary theory.
p. 174
Haeckel makes clear why this line of argument was of such importance to early evolutionary biologists
. It seemed difficult to explain functionless structures on the basis of special creation without imputing some lack of skill in design to the Creator
. It should be noted, however, that presented in this way, the vestigial organ argument is essentially a theological rather than a scientific argument, since it is based on the supposed nature of the Creator.
EVOLUTIONIST SPEAK OF A LACK OF FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR THE EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Boucot, A. J., Evolution and Extinction Rate Controls (Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., 1975), 427 pp.
p. 196
Since 1859 one of the most vexing properties of the fossil record has been its obvious imperfection. For the evolutionist this imperfection is most frustrating as it precludes any real possibility for mapping out the path of organic evolution owing to an infinity of missing links
once above the family level it becomes very difficult in most instances to find any solid paleontological evidence for morphological intergrades between one suprafamilial taxon and another. This lack has been taken advantage of classically by the opponents of organic evolution as a major defect of the theory
. the inability of the fossil record to produce the missing links has been taken as solid evidence for disbelieving the theory.
Dunbar, Carl O., Historical Geology, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1960).
p. 47
Although the comparative study of living animals and plants may give very convincing circumstantial evidence, fossils provide the only historical, documentary evidence that life has evolved from simpler to more and more complex forms.
Anonymous, Ancient Alga Fossil Most Complex Yet, Science News, vol. 108 (September 20, 1975), p.~181.
p. 181
Both blue-green algae and bacteria fossils dating back 3.4 billion years have been found in rocks from S. Africa.
p. 181
Do the Harvard paleontologists findings shed any light on the origin of eukaryotes [cells with nuclei] from prokaryotes [cells without nuclei]: Probably~not.
p. 181
In brief, as Barghoorn puts it, We have no really good evidence from all of the Precambrian records
of a genuine eukaryotic cell.
Carroll, Robert L., Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (New York: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1988), 698~pp.
p. 138
We have no intermediate fossils between rhipidistian fish and early amphibians
.
p. 467
No specific derived characters have been demonstrated as being uniquely shared between early primates and the early members of any other order.
LACK OF FOSSIL EVIDENCE MAKES MODERN EVOLUTIONISTS VERY CREATIVE......
Colbert, Edwin H., and M. Morales, Evolution of the Vertebrates (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991), 510~pp.
p. 99
p. 223
Unfortunately, the fossil history of the snakes is very fragmentary, so that it is necessary to infer much of their evolution from the comparative anatomy of modern forms.
GOULD EXPLAINS HOW SOME SCIENTISTS MYTH THE POINT
Gould, Stephen Jay, In the Mind of the Beholder, Natural History, vol. 103 (February 1994), pp.~14 23.
p. 14
But our ways of learning about the world are strongly influenced by the social preconceptions and biased modes of thinking that each scientist must apply to any problem. The stereotype of a fully rational and objective scientific method, with individual scientists as logical (and interchangeable) robots, is self-serving mythology.