Let's get back to the science in this thread.
In
post #86 I present a diagram of how scientific theory is organized.
On the left hand side of the diagram are the non-phenomenological theories or theories which address cause.
By the 1960s particle physicists encountered a form of reality which was impossible to understand at the time, the many sub atomic particles discovered in the previous decades could be grouped according to their physical properties in what was known as symmetries.
This was known as the
Eightfold Way.
One such symmetry is the baryon decuplet composed of;
Δ⁻, Δ⁰, Δ⁺, and Δ⁺⁺ delta baryons
Σ*⁻, Σ*⁰, and Σ*⁺ sigma baryons
Ξ*⁻ and Ξ*⁰ xi baryons
Ω⁻ omega baryon (unknown until 1964)
One of the particles of this decuplet had never been previously observed when the eightfold way was proposed.
This was the Ω⁻ particle and was predicted it would have a strangeness S =−3, electric charge −1 and a mass near 1680 MeV/
c2 by simply reading the characteristics off the diagram.
In 1964, the Ω⁻ particle was discovered closely matching these predictions.
No one could explain why symmetries worked until a quantum field theory called
quantum chromodynamics was developed beginning in the 1970s.
The symmetries were determined by fundamental particles known as quarks.
Particle physicists weren't sure if quarks were mathematical artefacts or real until their discoveries in particle accelerator experiments.
This brings up the question of what a particle physicist thinks what is real as opposed to what the average person in the street thinks.
The average person would think in terms of what a sub atomic particle is made out of and that there no such thing as a fundamental particle as a fundamental particle can made out of something more fundamental and so on.
The particle physicist thinks of reality in terms of symmetry, quarks are fundamental particles which cannot be broken down into simpler particles as there are no deeper symmetries involved.
Quarks form part of the standard model of particle physics which a theory for ordinary matter.