I havent seen the 'Federalist papers' mentioned yet in this thread... they show the extensive thinking behind the founding documents, that there were differing views on everything, but that they finally came together on what we have - is practically miraculous. In that context, we think of them as amazing if anything, not perfect.
I believe most patriots believe the founding fathers did an extensive amount of arguing and debate while constructing our constitution and then the bill of rights. What they wrote were primarily warnings of and how it could all go wrong, so extensively so as to be practically prophetic and nearly miraculous.
One should be a bit cautious in regards to the Federalist Papers as a source of the thinking behind the Constitution. There is a
lot of great information in it, but we must remember something important: The Federalist Papers were essentially a work of propaganda. The whole reason they were written was because there was a big debate in New York about whether to ratify the Constitution (the final vote was very close, 30 to 27), and some people were distributing pamphlets arguing against the Constitution. So the Federalist Papers, which went through the Constitution point by point in offering explanations for everything in it, were written and distributed by James Madison/Alexander Hamilton/John Jay to argue that the Constitution was a great idea. The purpose of them was not to explain why anything was chosen, but to
argue for what was already chosen.
For an example, James Madison
bluntly states in his notes from the Constitutional Convention that a major reason the electoral college was used to elect the President rather than a popular vote was because otherwise the slaveholding states would be greatly disadvantaged (his exact words in his notes: "The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of the Negroes. The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to fewest objections.") In
the section of The Federalist Papers explaining the reasoning for the electoral college, this rationale is never mentioned, probably because it'd be of little to no help in convincing people in New York.
Again, there's a whole lot of great information in the Federalist Papers. But one must never forget that their purpose was not to elucidate people as to why things were chosen, but to argue for what was already chosen (though obviously, much elucidation was accomplished in the process).