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Spirit is not mentioned in v. 3 either. A reasonable match is that v. 5 gives further detail about the message in v. 3. Being born again means to be born of water and the Spirit. I think there is good support for this understanding, but will get to that a bit later.
As for the alternative of 'born of flesh' referring to physical birth, doesn't appear to add up. 1) everywhere else natural birth is spoken of, it is described as 'born of a woman' and the like. 2) nowhere else is natural birth spoken of as born of water.
There is evidence of baptism by immersion signifying a death to the old life and raised up to begin a new life. See Rom. 6. There is also evidence connecting water baptism with baptism by the Holy Spirit, see for example the dove alighting on Jesus at His baptism.
Dave
Over the years the following are the views I have read or heard of:'
Water = natural birth
Water = the word of God
Water = baptism
I use to hold to water meaning the word of God and later changed to natural birth.
One thing is for sure is that whatever this metaphor's literal meaning it is a must or pre-requisite for spiritual birth.
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